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Entomology > Exam 2: Biting gnats, mouthparts, horse & deer flies > Flashcards

Exam 2: Biting gnats, mouthparts, horse & deer flies Flashcards

1
Q

describe how biting gnats/midges eat

A

long, cutting mandibles - make a cut on the skin and a pool of blood will come up and they feed on the blood that wells up “pool feeders”

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2
Q

what is culicoides hypersensitivity in horses and what is it caused by?

A

intense dermatitis; occurs in the late summer; crusty areas on underbelly and back where hundreds of gnats come and feed
Saliva that they inject when they feed is where dermatitis and sensitivity comes from

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3
Q

chronic seasonal dermatitis in horses

A

severe itching, welts, crusting; tail and mane; ventral midline; during warmer months in temperate areas; pastured horses

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4
Q

biting gnats breeding sites

A

wet, seepage areas

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5
Q

most important infectious disease of white-tailed deer

A

epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) virus or bluetounge (BTV) virus

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6
Q

Bluetongue and Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease viruses are transmitted by

A

Culicoides gnats - late summer to early fall

multiplies in gnats and mammals

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7
Q

consequences to BTV and EHD

A

major obstacle moving ruminants to other countries because they don’t want BTV and EHD

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8
Q

blue-tongue in sheep

A

exhibit symptoms of infection - become lame and listless; ulcers around mouth, nose and eyes
can be high mortality rate in some sheep breeds due to bacterial infection

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9
Q

factors that contribute to BTV and EHD

A

drought, animal density

focus deer into smaller areas where they come in contact with gnats (near water); when infected they get more thirsty

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10
Q

gnat management practices

A

breeding site reduction; grazing times and sites (reduce exposure); insecticide applications (animal protection); reduce stress (antibiotics); vaccines (for strains); fans

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11
Q

what type of gnat is a day biter and only females are blood feeders

A

buffalo gnat, black flies

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12
Q

black flies, buffalo gnats how do they transmit disease

A

mechanically

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13
Q

mass come out in spring and have painful bites

A

black flies, buffalo gnats

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14
Q

strong fliers

A

buffalo gnat, black flies

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15
Q

buffalo gnat larvae require what type of environment

A

flowing water - riffles firm smooth substrates
filter organic debris, on rocks with fast flowing water which act together to oxygenate
6-9 instars
1 wk pupal stage
1 to multiple generations

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16
Q

black fly attacks

A 
eyes, ears, nose exposed skin
painful bite
anaphylactic shock
blood loss
pathogens
sometimes get bacterial infections from bites
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17
Q

black fly management

A

access to shelter-barns, sheds, etc.

repellents - insecticides

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18
Q

mouthparts of adults

A

chewing - primative
sucking
blotting
none

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19
Q

chewers

A

grasshopper, biting lice, beetles, cockroaches

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20
Q

piercing-sucking

A

mosquitoes, stable flies, horn flies, sucking lie, mites, ticks

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21
Q

cutting/slashing

A

pool feeding horse and deer flies, black flies, biting gnats

22
Q

piercing sucking tend to have what? unlike the slashers

A

something to numb the pain

23
Q

stable fly - horn fly are what kind of feeders

A

blood feeders

have bayonet - like mouthpart pierces skin, sucks blood

24
Q

horse and deer flies are what kind of feeders

A

cutting/slashing - pool feeders

25
Q

horse and deer flies rely heavily on their sense of

A

sight

26
Q

sponging / blotting insects feed on what? how?

A

liquids - tears, mucous, - face fly

dissolves solids/blots up liquids - house fly

27
Q

suborder nematocera include

A 
primitive flies - biting and non-biting 
mosquitoes
black flies
ceratopogonids (biting gnats) 
long antennae --> 8 segments, males fuzzy
females blood feeders, males nectar
larvae with distinct head, often filtering mouthparts
larvae usually aquatic
28
Q

mosquito vs. biting gnats vs. black flies larvae

A

mosquitoes: always moving, standing water, filter feeder

biting gnats: long and threadlike

black flies: filter feeder/brush mouthparts, found in flowing water

29
Q

have spots on wings

A

biting gnats

30
Q

scales on wings

A

mosquitoes

31
Q

horse and deer flies are also known as

A

green heads

32
Q

horse and deer fly adults form

A

fewer antennal segments (4-8)

larval head withdrawn into 1st thoracic segment -aquatic, semi-aquatic - pond streams and banks

33
Q

horse and deer fly larvae feed on

A

worms, insects (they’re predators)

34
Q

dark pattern on wings, more likely to attack people than a horse fly

A

deer fly

35
Q

black horse fly

A

1 in long
blue black
painful bite
typically lay eggs on vegetation about moisture

36
Q

black horse fly life cycle

A

egg masses on vegetation over water
pupate in drier soil
dispersed sensitive environments

37
Q

female vs male horse and deer flies

A

females are blood feeders males are pollen and nectar feeders

38
Q

strong fliers - disperse 2 to 20 miles

A

horse flies deer flies

39
Q

horse and deer fly feeding patterns

A

slash skin/pool feeder
25-30 flies on animal over 6 hours b/c painful bite cant eat full meal at once

increases their importance as a mechanical transmitter

40
Q

impact of horse and deer flies

A

reduced weight gain; nuisance/behavior; dermatitis; mechanical transmission of disease (amt of blood on mouthparts; interrupted feeding)

41
Q

anaplasmosis

A

destroys RBC, causes severe anemia
cattle, sheep, goats, wild ruminants
anything that carries blood -insects, ticks, needles, etc

appears following stress - transport processing

august - october (end of the time that insects are active)

4-6 week incubation period
survivors are carriers

42
Q

arthropod spread vs human contamination of anaplasmosis

A

human contamination would be more cows all at once faster

flies more gradual over time ad less cows at once

43
Q

equine infections anemia “swamp fever”

A

persistent viral disease - no vaccine
2 strains -equid reservoir
transferred by blood

44
Q

equine infectious anemia prevention

A

reduce biting fly populations, 200 yd buffer between negative and untested horses
coggins test-tests for EIA antibodies

45
Q

horse and deer fly feeding behavior

A

wait in shady areas for hosts to pass

calm sunny days

46
Q

most important sense for horse and deer flies

A

sight - shape, contrast, 3-d
co2 also important
movement of host

47
Q

horse and deer fly traps

A

big black beach ball type thing and they get directed up into cone

mostly black “wings” give 3-D look hit palstic and fall in soapy water, attracted by warmth and shape

48
Q

tabanid catches on horse models

A

black- most by a lot
brown - 2nd most
white - a little
zebra - nearly none

49
Q

tabanids do not respond strongly to

A

strips

thinner and more numerous stripes deter flies

50
Q

flies react to

A

polarized light

dark animals - strong reflection of polarized light

51
Q

deer and horse fly management

A

source reduction usually not practical because usually treating rivers/streams (sensitive areas you can’t treat with insecticide
animal protection/repellents
selective grazing or confinement
inhibition of food intake in arthropods-sulfakinins (produced when they get full to stop them from eating)

Entomology (10 decks)

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