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entomology > Exam 1: TCF, ticks vs. mites, & lice > Flashcards

Exam 1: TCF, ticks vs. mites, & lice Flashcards

1
Q

texas cattle fever was the first time people realized arthropods could

A

spread diseases

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2
Q

northern cattle showed these symptoms weeks after southern cattle passed through

A

red urine (hemoglobin) “redwater” fever
high fever, loss of appetite, respiratory distress, death in a week
95% mortality
within about 10 miles of trail drive

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3
Q

what year did tcf kill 15,000 illinois cattle that were mixed with texas cattle?

A

1868

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4
Q

identified disease causing bacteria - germ theory

A

1880’s Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

in 1893 theobald smith

A

isolated a protozoan from cattle blood that destroyed rbc’s - cause identified but didn’t know how it got there

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6
Q

transovarial transmission

A

disease was passed from infected mothers to their offspring through the egg stage - offspring could transmit the disease without feeding on infected cattle

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7
Q

TCF tick is what type of vector

A

biological

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8
Q

mechanical vector

A

carries on body or mouthpart

ex. housefly, cockroach

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9
Q

Had partial immunity to TCF

A

texas calves

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10
Q

spread ticks but did not get the tcf disease

A

deer

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11
Q

tcf develops in and destroys the

A

red blood cells

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12
Q

in ticks, the protozoa of tcf occurs in

A

ovaries - moves to egg and salivary glands

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13
Q

tick eggs take how long to hatch?

A

30-270 days

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14
Q

what is the significance in knowing how long it takes for eggs to hatch

A

know how to manage/eradicate & deal with disease

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15
Q

used to dip cattle in arsenic - easy and totally covers animal

A

dip vat

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16
Q

tick control program

A

dip cattle AND treat pasture

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17
Q

when did the tcf tick eradication program start and what was it

A

1916

500 mile-long zone from Del Rio to Brownsville that was several 100 yards - 10 miles wide

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18
Q

significance of 1943

A

TCF eradication program declared successful

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19
Q

tick riders

A

patrol quarantine zone

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20
Q

scratching

A

scratch skin of entire animal from head to tail before movement out of zone (all cattle must be scratched, declared tick free, and dipped)

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21
Q

quarantine ranches

A

IF boophilus ticks are found on cattle: premises are considered infested and quarantined
cattle on all adjacent ranches are scratched

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22
Q

options for infested ranches

A

leave on infested pasture, scratch and dip every 14d for 9 months (max hatch time)
must have 2 successive clean dippings 10-14d apart - no ticks found prior to dip hen pasture vacated 6-9 mo

acaracide dip every 14 ds schedule

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23
Q

other tick control practices

A

prescribed pasture burning
brush management (get rid of growth where ticks would like to live)
wildlife management plan - deer
self-treatment devices (4 poster deer thing)

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24
Q

potential reasons for TCF resurgence 2007-08

A

reduced funding - fewer tick riders = more ticks getting through

increased rainfall and milder inters = tick survival (ticks need moisture and warmth to survive)

less dipping more pasture “resting” (deer can be wandering through carrying and dropping off ticks)

reduced tick management in Mexico - there is resistance there

cancelled products - acaricide resistant ticks, fewer control options

increased populations of secondary hosts white-tailed deer, nigal antelope

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25
Q

brown dog ticks like to live

A

indoors, puff dust around cracks and crevices

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26
Q

endemic

A

something common to an area but doesn’t really cause a problem; occurs at a predictable level in an area

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27
Q

epidemic

A

widespread occurrence, many cases, rapid spread

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28
Q

zoonosis

A

infectious disease transferred between wild or domestic animals and humans

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29
Q

the name for what is shed during molting

A

exuvia

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30
Q

movement seen really well with this type of eye

A

compound

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31
Q

spider that hides in cracks and moves and hunts at night

A

brown recluse

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32
Q

hangs upside down and waits for prey; venom affects nerves

A

black widow

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33
Q

exoskeleton ridges

A

scorpion

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34
Q

most stages larger, there are teeth on the hypostome

A

ticks

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35
Q

ticks and mites are in the order

A

acharida

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36
Q

small, most are microscopic, no teeth on the hypostome!

A

mites

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37
Q

mites have how many body regions

A

1; sac like body -head + thorax & abdomen

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38
Q

5 parasitic mite groups

A

1) burrowing mange mites (scabies)
2) non-burrowing mange mites
3) ear mites
4) demodectic or follicle mites
5) ectoparasitic mites

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39
Q

tissue damage or dermatitis; feed on blood or other fluids; produce allergic reactions; increase stress/reduced performance; create conditions for secondary infections; transfer pathogens; and damage hides or fleece are all

A

impacts of parasitic mites

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40
Q

parasitic mites usually are most severe on animals

A

under stress, in poor condition, with poor nutrition, or reduced immune response

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41
Q

mites go through what type of metamorphosis

A

gradual

42
Q

any skin condition caused by a mite

A

mange

43
Q

obligate parasites are

A

parasites that have to be parasites or they would die - mange mites

44
Q

mange mites are spread by direct contact or on

A

fomites - non-living object that could carry a parasite

45
Q

skin condition associated with irritation and scratching

A

mange - caused by mites

46
Q

could feed on something else if the hose wasn’t around

A

facultative parastes

47
Q

a serious, debilitating form of mange, reportable, quarantined

A

scabies

48
Q

NIT

A

louse egg

49
Q

survival rate of scabies mite

A

24-36 hrs off host

50
Q

burrowing mange mite has 7-host adapted varieties that do not infect other species; these 7 are

A 
horses
cattle
sheep
goats
swine
dogs 
fox
51
Q

burrowing (mange) mites are known as

A

asymptomatic carriers - keep infestation going in herd

no visible symptoms

52
Q

scabies mites prefer what parts of the body

A

hairless

53
Q

diagnosis for scabies mites

A

deep skin scraping that cause blood to ooze
microscopic exam
blood test for scabies - detects antibodies to mites

54
Q

non-burrowing mange mites feed on

A

lymph, skin scales, and debris and usually live at edge of yellow crusty areas

55
Q

most serious scab mite

A

psoroptic mange

56
Q

psoroptic mange is found on

A

sheep, cattle, horses

57
Q

these mites prefer hairy regions

A

psoroptic

58
Q

pierce skin suck lymph fluid causing itchiness on back, shoulders, and sides; infestations are associated with scabbing and crusting and secondary bacterial infections

A

psoroptic mange

59
Q

chorioptic mange

A

found on cattle, horses, goats, sheep

legs and base of tail are preferred sites

60
Q

diagnosis for psoroptic and chorioptic mange

A

shallow scrapings at edge of crusted areas followed by microscopic examination

61
Q

reasons for increased mange problems

A

increased livestock rate
absence of regulations for ectoparasite control in international trade
intensive production systems
irregular ectoparasite control programs

62
Q

mite control problems

A

live in inaccessible areas (under thick scabs and crusts)

hard to evaluate control success

thorough spray coverage or dipping required

follow up inspections and treatments needed to control mites not killed or in egg stage

63
Q

otodectes cynotis

A

carnivore ear mites

64
Q

psoroptes cuniculi

A

ear mites in rabbits, horses, sheep, and cattle

65
Q

ear mite detection

A

examine ear scraping or oil soaked swabs

66
Q

ear mite treatment

A

topical insecticide/antibiotics

67
Q

elongate mites that live in hair follicles or oil glands

severe when immune system compromises

A

demodex or follicle mites

68
Q

demodex or follicle mites are found where on dogs?

A

face and paws

69
Q

demodex or follicle mites are treated by

A

deep skin scraping

70
Q

human follicle mites are usually on

A

forehead, cheek, eye lashes, around nose

71
Q

ectoparasitic mites

A

northern fowl mite
chicken roost mite
rodent mite

72
Q

most important external parasite of caged poultry

A

norther fowl mite

73
Q

northern fowl mite life cycle

A

5-7 days spent on host

74
Q

when infested with this mite, anemia can be severe and can reduce egg production 10-15%

A

northern fowl mite

75
Q

examples of rodent mites

A

chiggers or redbugs

76
Q

chicken mite Vs. NFM on bird during the

A

night; day and night

77
Q

chicken vs. nfm feeding site

A

anywhere on skin; mostly around vent area

78
Q

chicken vs. nfm : where are the eggs laid

A

off birds; on skin and feathers

79
Q

chicken vs. nfm : source

A

wild birds, new birds, transport cages

wild or new birds

80
Q

chicken vs. nfm : survival off hosts

A

up to 8 mo; up to 3 wks

81
Q

where do chiggers feed

A

6-legged larval stages feed on animals and humans

adults feed on very small arthropods

feed at hair follicle - do NOT bury in skin

feed where clothing is tight

drop off when full

82
Q

effects of a chigger bite

A

skin around bite turns hard, itches

do not carry diseases, but bites can become infected

83
Q

Class insecta/hexapoda

A

1 pair antennae, 3 pairs of legs, 3 main body regions

84
Q

small but visible, flattened body, grasping claws, wingless, obligate ectoparasites, often narrow specific feeding area

A

lice

85
Q

mallophaga

A

biting lice

86
Q

anoplura

A

sucking lice

87
Q

wide triangular head; jaws; feed on feathers, hair, skin flakes,; move fast & freely

A

biting lice

88
Q

norrow pointed head; tube-like mouthparts withdrawn into head; blood feeder from vessels; slow moving

A

sucking lice

89
Q

lice life cycle

A

gradual metamorphosis
egg–>nymph–> adult (~30 d)
all stages on host

90
Q

lice prefer what weather

A

cold, cool seasons

91
Q

lice transferred by

A

direct contact

92
Q

impacts/responses of lice

A 
excessive rubbing, grooming, dusting
increased susceptibility to disease
restlessness
poor feed conversion efficiency
anemia (sucking)
93
Q

host factors that affect lice

A

skin characteristics- sebacous glands
body surface temp
strength of immune response
reduced grooming behavior (males, older animals)

94
Q

lice management factors

A

crowding; poor nutrition; stress; additions to hers; poor fencing

95
Q

cattle lice

A

50% infected ~2% severe

96
Q

cattle biting louse feed where

A

on skin cells; base of tail, backline, shoulders

97
Q

common cattle lice

A

short nosed - mostly adult beef catle - ears, dewlap, and brisket

long nosed - mostly on calves - no site preference

little blue - mostly on head, face, jaw - rarely moved,

98
Q

sucking hog louse

A

feed in tender areas; frequently

99
Q

horse lice

A

~5% of pastured horses with visible infestations in the winter

fomites - grooming brushed, blankets, etc can carry hairs with nits

100
Q

lice management

A

isolate and treat twice - about 2 wks apart (most insecticides do not kill eggs)

repair fencing

inspect every 2 wks

cull carriers

101
Q

lice treatment options

A

pour-on; spot-on; sprays; oilers

entomology (10 decks)

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