Final Exam: Natural enemies

Question 1

organism that live at the expense of its host but ideally doesn’t kill hosts

Answer 1

parasite

Question 2

goes after and kills multiple (and a variety of) prey

Answer 2

predator

Question 3

organism that lives in one host, eventually kills it - usually a specialist

Answer 3

parasitoid

Question 4

example of a parasitoid that lays larvae in fly pupa so her pupa can feed on fly pupa

Answer 4

wasp

Question 5

“fly predators”

Answer 5

wasp

Question 6

where one organism rides on another to get somewhere

Answer 6

phoresy

Question 7

give an example of a hitchhiker

Answer 7

mites: move on flies and dung beetles

Question 8

mite breeding site; feed; and life cycle

Answer 8

fresh manure; usually house fly but will feed on several fly species; about 5 days

Question 9

dung beetle characteristics

Answer 9

front of head shovel-like; front legs flattened for digging; chewing mouthparts (but feed on dung fluids)

Question 10

dung beetle larva

Answer 10

a white grub; feed on undigested plant fiber in manure; have spiracles (breathing holes)

Question 11

dung beetles undergo what type of metamorphosis

Answer 11

complete, male and female pari up and form in a ball and lay egg in manure ball

Question 12

dung beetles find manure by

Answer 12

detecting strong odor by antennae

Question 13

how do dung beetles orientate themselves

Answer 13

stars

Question 14

dung beetles eat about how much

Answer 14

50% of dung balls

Question 15

what are the 3 types of dung beetles

Answer 15

dwellers, tunnelers, rollers

Question 16

dung beetles that live in manure, little or no digging, consume manure, deposit eggs in manure

Answer 16

dwellers

Question 17

consume dung and burrow beneath. bring up subsurface soil, fill tunnel with loose soil to protect the brood ball

Answer 17

tunnelers

Question 18

break pile into brood balls that are rolled to suitable site and buried

Answer 18

rollers

Question 19

what is the advantage of having 3 different types of dung beetles

Answer 19

spreading out resources so there is less competition

Question 20

insecticides impact on dung beetles

Answer 20

pour-on insecticides can be toxic if excreted in manure - 1-2 wk impact
parasiticides - ivermectin can kill

Question 21

what was the problem in australia with manure

Answer 21

no dung beetles to deal with mass amounts of manure so loosing 5-10% of pasture from manure that didn’t go away

huge increase in bush fly numbers

native beetles did not utilize it effectively b/c not used to cow patties

Question 22

bush fly

Answer 22

similar to face fly- tear, mucus, blood feeder
smaller, more persistant-need more protein
up to 2000 per cow pat

Question 23

to really reduce flies you need species of beetles who will

Answer 23

bury the manure

Question 24

factors affecting parasitoids

Answer 24

target fly species - pasture vs confinement
hunting
dispersal distance
sanitation (dont want a lot of breeding sites)
rainfall - flies don’t do as well in drier places
wintering success - re-introduce b/c the parasitoids don’t over winter

Question 25

wasp insert egg into fly pupa via

Answer 25

ovipositor

Question 26

wasp larvae feed for about

Answer 26

3 weeks - kills fly - adult wasp emerges