Final Exam - Name Definitions Flashcards
Phylum Chordata:
vertebrates
Class Agnatha includes:
jawless ostracoderms and lampreys
Class Pacodermi includes:
primitive jawed fish
Class Chondricthyes includes:
sharks and rays, cartilaginous fish
Class Osteichthyes includes:
bony fish
Class Amphibia description:
Vertebrates with moist skin, gills and lungs, soft egg, which must be laid in water
Class Amphibia includes:
labyrinthodonts, salamanders, frogs, etc.
Class Reptilia includes:
lizards, snakes, turtles, dinosaurs, etc.
Class Aves includes:
birds
Class Mammalia includes:
warm, fuzzy, milk drinking creatures
Oldest undoubted fossils of vertebrate animals:
ostracoderms
ostracoderms are ____ and from the time of ____ from the locality _____.
small, jawless “fish” in Lower ordovician rocks in Colorado,
Ostracoderms description:
small, bilaterally symmetrical “fish” with an internal “skeleton” composed entirely of cartilage; no jaws or teeth in the mouth; tiny flat bony plates on the head (some types also had tiny elongate bony plates on posterior part of the body); originally restricted to oceanic habitats, but a few later types (in the Devonian) occurred in lakes.
Ostracoderms are found in water habitat?
oceanic, but a few later types (in the Devonian) occurred in lakes
What are ostracoderms composed of?
cartilage
Lobe finned fish includes:
coelacanth & lungfish
Ray finned fish includes:
most of our modern fish
Paleoniscoids includes:
sturgeons, paddlefish, etc.
Holosteans includes:
gars, bowfins, etc.
Teleosteans includes:
bass, sunfish, salmon, tuna, marlin, etc.
Conodonts:
Late cambrian to triassic; microscopic, phosphatic, tooth-like elements that occured in symmetrical pairs within a bilaterally symmetrical, soft-bodied animal; very widespread in the oceans, and very useful as biostratigraphic index fossils throughout most of the Paleozoic
What are Conodonts useful for?
Biostratigraphic index fossils throughout most of the Paleozoic
Myllokunmingia:
Early Cambrian; very tiny (<3 cm long), bilaterally symmetrical, totally soft bodied animal with a poorly defined head and an apparent notochord running the length of the body; carbonized fossils also contain an apparent mouth, gill pouches, dorsal & ventral fins, & V-shaped muscle bands
Oldest undoubted fossils of terrestrial, tetrapod, vertebrate animals:
Icthyostega & Acanthostega (labyrinthodonts)
Labyrinthodonts includes:
Ichthyostega & Acanthostega
Order Anthracosauria includes:
“primitive reptiles”
Order Anthracosauria extinct or extant
all now extinct
Order Synapsida includes:
“mammal-like reptiles”
Order Synapsida extinct or extant?
all now extinct
Order Chelonia includes:
turtles & tortoises;
Order Chelonia extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
Order Crocodilia includes:
crocodiles & alligators
Order Crocodilia extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
Order Icthyosauria includes:
ichthyosaurs
Order Icthyosauria extinct or extant?
all now extinct
Order Plesiosauria includes:
plesiosaurs
Order Plesiosauira extint or extant?
all now extinct
Order Rhynchocephalia includes:
tuataras
Order Rhynchocephalia extinct or extant?
one extant genus restricted to New Zealand
Order Squamata includes:
mosasaurs; lizards & snakes
Order Squamata extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
Order Pterosauria includes:
pterodactyls
Order Pterosauria extinct or extant?
extinct
Order Saurischia includes:
lizard-hipped dinosaurs
Order Saurischia extinct or extant?
extinct
Orlder Ornithischia includes:
bird-hipped dinosaurs
Order Ornithischia extinct or extant?
excinct
Theropod (w/ examples):
“Clade” (bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs) ex. allosaurus, ceratosaurus, deinonychus, dromaeosaurus, thyrannosaurus, utahraptor, velociraptor & birds
Sauropod (w/ examples):
“Clade” extra large, long necked, long-tailed dinosaurs) ex. Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus
Ornithopod/Cerapod:
“clade” (duck-billed dinosaurs) ex. Hadrosaurus
Thyreophoran:
“Clade” (plated dinosaurs & armored dinosaurs) ex. Stegosaurus
Marginocephalian:
“clade” (horned dinosaurs & thick-headed dinosaurs) ex. Triceratops
Synapsid:
Early tetrapods with a single “temporal fenestra” behind each “orbit”
differentiated teeth (incisors, canines, molars)
characterized by heavy, thick, limbs positioned under the body and a relatively short post-anal tail
on a direct ancestral line to mammals
Pelycosaurs:
early synapsids ex. Dimetrodon
Therapsids:
more derived synapsids ex. Moschops
Triconodonts:
Tiny, primitive, Mesozoic mammals
known almost exclusively from microscopic teeth with three pointed cusps
Example of Pelycosaurs:
Dimetrodon
Example of Therapsids:
Moschips
Class Mammalia:
Endothermic (“warm-blooded”) tetrapods with fur and mammary glands
Subclass Multituberculata:
Small, primitive mammals, characterized by tiny teeth with many rounded tubercles (bumps); probably oviparous
Subclass Monotremata
Oviparous mammals
Subclass Marsupialia:
Viviparous mammals, in which the young are born in embryo stage (embryo crawls out of the vagina and enters a ventral pouch containing mammary glands, where it then develops through the fetal stage of infancy)
Subclass Eutheria:
“Placental mammals” - viviparous mammals, in which the embryo develops inside a uterus and is connected to the mother via a placenta
What is the subclass Monotremata typified by?
modern platypus and echidna of Australia
What is the subclass Mursupialia typified by?
opossom of North America, kangaroo, wallaby, wombat, koala, etc. of Australia
What is the subclass Eutheria typified by?
our most familiar mammals
Examples of Order Rodentia:
rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, beavers, & porcupines
Examples of Order Perissodactyla:
“odd-toed” ungulates, including horses, tapirs, & rhinos
Examples of Order Artiodactyla:
“even-toed” ungulates, including cows, deer, hippos, and pigs
Examples of Order Cetacea:
whales, dolphins, porpoises
Examples of Order Proboscidea:
elephants, mammoths, and mastadons
Examples of Order Carnivora:
cats, dogs, bears, weasels, racoons, skunks, seals, and sea lions
Examples of Order Primates:
lemurs, monkeys, apes, man
What order is the “odd-toed” ungulates?
Order Perissodactyla
What order is the “even-toed” ungulates?
Order Artiodactyla
Ancestral Proboscideans (Paleomastadon):
appeared in the Eocene and gave rise to several different proboscidean clades throughout the rest of the cenozoic.
Mastodons:
branched off in the Oligocene, culminating in the Americna Mastodon (Mammut) in the Pleistocene.
Where did Mastodons primarily live and feed off of?
Forest dwellers feeding on leaves
When did Mastodons become extinct?
about 12,000 years ago
True Elephants:
appeared in the Miocene, culminating in the Mammoths (Mammuthus) in the Pleistocene and the Elephants (Elephas & Loxodonta) in the Holocene.
Where did True Elephants primarily live and feed off of?
Forest, grassland, and tundra habitats (feeding on leaves, grass, and moss)
When did mammoths become extinct?
about 4,000 years ago
What are the only two Proboscidean species left alive on earth?
Elephas and Loxodonta
Archaeocetes:
are the ancestral cetaceans that appeared in the Late Paleocene and then evolved as an adaptation to a fully marine lifestyle in the early Cenozoic before the split between the clade of “toothed whales” (Odontocetes) and the clade of “baleen whale” (Mysticetes) in the Oligocene.
Odontocete includes:
“toothed whales” the sperm whale, narwhal, beluga, killer whale (orca), dolphin, and porpoise.
“toothed whales”
Odontocetes, predators on fish & marine mammals. They have many sharp teeth in their jaws and a single blowhole on top of the skull.
What group does the “toothed whales” belong to?
Odontocetes
Mysticetes include:
the blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, right whale and gray whale
“baleen whales”
feed mainly on “krill”. They have no teeth; instead, they ave fibrous sheets of ketatinous “baleen” hanging from the roof of the mouth to act as a sieve to strain krill from the water. They have two blowholes.
What group does the baleen whale belong to?
Mysticetes
baleen:
whalebone, fibrous sheet of keratinous, hanging from the roof of the mouth to act as a sieve to strain krill from the water.
Order Primates:
Highly intelligent, omnivorous mammals, characterized by a generalized, agile skeleton with high degree of limb momvement in all directions; hands with opposable thumbs, etc. etc. etc.
What is the exception to the 2-1-2-3 dental formula in primates?
prosimians have two additional premolars
Suborder Prosimia includes:
lemurs, lorises, & tarsiers
Suborder Anthropoda include:
monkeys, apes, and man
Superfamily Ceboidea includes:
marmosets & other “new world” monkeys
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea includes:
baboons & other “old world” monkeys
Superfamily Hominoidea includes:
“lesser apes” “great apes” and “man”
Family Hylobatidae includes:
“lesser apes” = gibbons & siamangs
Family Pongidae includes:
“great apes” = orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, & chimps
Family Hominidae includes:
humans, including modern “man” and prehistoric ancestors
