Final Exam - Name Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Chordata:

A

vertebrates

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2
Q

Class Agnatha includes:

A

jawless ostracoderms and lampreys

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3
Q

Class Pacodermi includes:

A

primitive jawed fish

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4
Q

Class Chondricthyes includes:

A

sharks and rays, cartilaginous fish

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5
Q

Class Osteichthyes includes:

A

bony fish

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6
Q

Class Amphibia description:

A

Vertebrates with moist skin, gills and lungs, soft egg, which must be laid in water

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7
Q

Class Amphibia includes:

A

labyrinthodonts, salamanders, frogs, etc.

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8
Q

Class Reptilia includes:

A

lizards, snakes, turtles, dinosaurs, etc.

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9
Q

Class Aves includes:

A

birds

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10
Q

Class Mammalia includes:

A

warm, fuzzy, milk drinking creatures

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11
Q

Oldest undoubted fossils of vertebrate animals:

A

ostracoderms

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12
Q

ostracoderms are ____ and from the time of ____ from the locality _____.

A

small, jawless “fish” in Lower ordovician rocks in Colorado,

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13
Q

Ostracoderms description:

A

small, bilaterally symmetrical “fish” with an internal “skeleton” composed entirely of cartilage; no jaws or teeth in the mouth; tiny flat bony plates on the head (some types also had tiny elongate bony plates on posterior part of the body); originally restricted to oceanic habitats, but a few later types (in the Devonian) occurred in lakes.

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14
Q

Ostracoderms are found in water habitat?

A

oceanic, but a few later types (in the Devonian) occurred in lakes

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15
Q

What are ostracoderms composed of?

A

cartilage

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16
Q

Lobe finned fish includes:

A

coelacanth & lungfish

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17
Q

Ray finned fish includes:

A

most of our modern fish

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18
Q

Paleoniscoids includes:

A

sturgeons, paddlefish, etc.

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19
Q

Holosteans includes:

A

gars, bowfins, etc.

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20
Q

Teleosteans includes:

A

bass, sunfish, salmon, tuna, marlin, etc.

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21
Q

Conodonts:

A

Late cambrian to triassic; microscopic, phosphatic, tooth-like elements that occured in symmetrical pairs within a bilaterally symmetrical, soft-bodied animal; very widespread in the oceans, and very useful as biostratigraphic index fossils throughout most of the Paleozoic

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22
Q

What are Conodonts useful for?

A

Biostratigraphic index fossils throughout most of the Paleozoic

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23
Q

Myllokunmingia:

A

Early Cambrian; very tiny (<3 cm long), bilaterally symmetrical, totally soft bodied animal with a poorly defined head and an apparent notochord running the length of the body; carbonized fossils also contain an apparent mouth, gill pouches, dorsal & ventral fins, & V-shaped muscle bands

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24
Q

Oldest undoubted fossils of terrestrial, tetrapod, vertebrate animals:

A

Icthyostega & Acanthostega (labyrinthodonts)

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25
Labyrinthodonts includes:
Ichthyostega & Acanthostega
26
Order Anthracosauria includes:
"primitive reptiles"
27
Order Anthracosauria extinct or extant
all now extinct
28
Order Synapsida includes:
"mammal-like reptiles"
29
Order Synapsida extinct or extant?
all now extinct
30
Order Chelonia includes:
turtles & tortoises;
31
Order Chelonia extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
32
Order Crocodilia includes:
crocodiles & alligators
33
Order Crocodilia extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
34
Order Icthyosauria includes:
ichthyosaurs
35
Order Icthyosauria extinct or extant?
all now extinct
36
Order Plesiosauria includes:
plesiosaurs
37
Order Plesiosauira extint or extant?
all now extinct
38
Order Rhynchocephalia includes:
tuataras
39
Order Rhynchocephalia extinct or extant?
one extant genus restricted to New Zealand
40
Order Squamata includes:
mosasaurs; lizards & snakes
41
Order Squamata extinct or extant?
many extant taxa
42
Order Pterosauria includes:
pterodactyls
43
Order Pterosauria extinct or extant?
extinct
44
Order Saurischia includes:
lizard-hipped dinosaurs
45
Order Saurischia extinct or extant?
extinct
46
Orlder Ornithischia includes:
bird-hipped dinosaurs
47
Order Ornithischia extinct or extant?
excinct
48
Theropod (w/ examples):
"Clade" (bipedal, carnivorous dinosaurs) ex. allosaurus, ceratosaurus, deinonychus, dromaeosaurus, thyrannosaurus, utahraptor, velociraptor & birds
49
Sauropod (w/ examples):
"Clade" extra large, long necked, long-tailed dinosaurs) ex. Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus
50
Ornithopod/Cerapod:
"clade" (duck-billed dinosaurs) ex. Hadrosaurus
51
Thyreophoran:
"Clade" (plated dinosaurs & armored dinosaurs) ex. Stegosaurus
52
Marginocephalian:
"clade" (horned dinosaurs & thick-headed dinosaurs) ex. Triceratops
53
Synapsid:
Early tetrapods with a single "temporal fenestra" behind each "orbit" differentiated teeth (incisors, canines, molars) characterized by heavy, thick, limbs positioned under the body and a relatively short post-anal tail on a direct ancestral line to mammals
54
Pelycosaurs:
early synapsids ex. Dimetrodon
55
Therapsids:
more derived synapsids ex. Moschops
56
Triconodonts:
Tiny, primitive, Mesozoic mammals known almost exclusively from microscopic teeth with three pointed cusps
57
Example of Pelycosaurs:
Dimetrodon
58
Example of Therapsids:
Moschips
59
Class Mammalia:
Endothermic ("warm-blooded") tetrapods with fur and mammary glands
60
Subclass Multituberculata:
Small, primitive mammals, characterized by tiny teeth with many rounded tubercles (bumps); probably oviparous
61
Subclass Monotremata
Oviparous mammals
62
Subclass Marsupialia:
Viviparous mammals, in which the young are born in embryo stage (embryo crawls out of the vagina and enters a ventral pouch containing mammary glands, where it then develops through the fetal stage of infancy)
63
Subclass Eutheria:
"Placental mammals" - viviparous mammals, in which the embryo develops inside a uterus and is connected to the mother via a placenta
64
What is the subclass Monotremata typified by?
modern platypus and echidna of Australia
65
What is the subclass Mursupialia typified by?
opossom of North America, kangaroo, wallaby, wombat, koala, etc. of Australia
66
What is the subclass Eutheria typified by?
our most familiar mammals
67
Examples of Order Rodentia:
rats, mice, gerbils, hamsters, beavers, & porcupines
68
Examples of Order Perissodactyla:
"odd-toed" ungulates, including horses, tapirs, & rhinos
69
Examples of Order Artiodactyla:
"even-toed" ungulates, including cows, deer, hippos, and pigs
70
Examples of Order Cetacea:
whales, dolphins, porpoises
71
Examples of Order Proboscidea:
elephants, mammoths, and mastadons
72
Examples of Order Carnivora:
cats, dogs, bears, weasels, racoons, skunks, seals, and sea lions
73
Examples of Order Primates:
lemurs, monkeys, apes, man
74
What order is the "odd-toed" ungulates?
Order Perissodactyla
75
What order is the "even-toed" ungulates?
Order Artiodactyla
76
Ancestral Proboscideans (Paleomastadon):
appeared in the Eocene and gave rise to several different proboscidean clades throughout the rest of the cenozoic.
77
Mastodons:
branched off in the Oligocene, culminating in the Americna Mastodon (Mammut) in the Pleistocene.
78
Where did Mastodons primarily live and feed off of?
Forest dwellers feeding on leaves
79
When did Mastodons become extinct?
about 12,000 years ago
80
True Elephants:
appeared in the Miocene, culminating in the Mammoths (Mammuthus) in the Pleistocene and the Elephants (Elephas & Loxodonta) in the Holocene.
81
Where did True Elephants primarily live and feed off of?
Forest, grassland, and tundra habitats (feeding on leaves, grass, and moss)
82
When did mammoths become extinct?
about 4,000 years ago
83
What are the only two Proboscidean species left alive on earth?
Elephas and Loxodonta
84
Archaeocetes:
are the ancestral cetaceans that appeared in the Late Paleocene and then evolved as an adaptation to a fully marine lifestyle in the early Cenozoic before the split between the clade of "toothed whales" (Odontocetes) and the clade of "baleen whale" (Mysticetes) in the Oligocene.
85
Odontocete includes:
"toothed whales" the sperm whale, narwhal, beluga, killer whale (orca), dolphin, and porpoise.
86
"toothed whales"
Odontocetes, predators on fish & marine mammals. They have many sharp teeth in their jaws and a single blowhole on top of the skull.
87
What group does the "toothed whales" belong to?
Odontocetes
88
Mysticetes include:
the blue whale, fin whale, humpback whale, right whale and gray whale
89
"baleen whales"
feed mainly on "krill". They have no teeth; instead, they ave fibrous sheets of ketatinous "baleen" hanging from the roof of the mouth to act as a sieve to strain krill from the water. They have two blowholes.
90
What group does the baleen whale belong to?
Mysticetes
91
baleen:
whalebone, fibrous sheet of keratinous, hanging from the roof of the mouth to act as a sieve to strain krill from the water.
92
Order Primates:
Highly intelligent, omnivorous mammals, characterized by a generalized, agile skeleton with high degree of limb momvement in all directions; hands with opposable thumbs, etc. etc. etc.
93
What is the exception to the 2-1-2-3 dental formula in primates?
prosimians have two additional premolars
94
Suborder Prosimia includes:
lemurs, lorises, & tarsiers
95
Suborder Anthropoda include:
monkeys, apes, and man
96
Superfamily Ceboidea includes:
marmosets & other "new world" monkeys
97
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea includes:
baboons & other "old world" monkeys
98
Superfamily Hominoidea includes:
"lesser apes" "great apes" and "man"
99
Family Hylobatidae includes:
"lesser apes" = gibbons & siamangs
100
Family Pongidae includes:
"great apes" = orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, & chimps
101
Family Hominidae includes:
humans, including modern "man" and prehistoric ancestors