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Geo 3180 > Final Exam - Body Parts > Flashcards

Final Exam - Body Parts Flashcards

1
Q

Gill

A

organ for respiration in water

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2
Q

Lung

A

organ for respiration in air

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3
Q

Notochord

A

stiff rod running longitudinally down the dorsal length of an embryonic vertebrate

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4
Q

backbone

A

chain of disk-like vertebrae running down the dorsal length of an adult vertebrate

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5
Q

nares

A

nasal openings

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6
Q

orbits

A

eye sockets

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7
Q

Purpose and location of temporal fenestrae:

A

serves to increase the area of attachment of powerful jaw muscles; side of skull

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8
Q

Four types of temporal fenestrae in reptiles:

A

Anapsid, euryapsid, synapsid, diapsid

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9
Q

Anapsid:

A

No temporal fenestrae

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10
Q

Euryapsid:

A

One temporal fenestra located above the postorbital & squamosal bones

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11
Q

Synapsid:

A

One temporal fenestra located below the postorbital & squamosal bones

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12
Q

Diapsid:

A

Two temporal fenestrae, one located above & the other located below the contact between the postorbital & squamosal bones

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13
Q

What has anapsid?

A

primitive reptiles & turtles

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14
Q

What has euryapsid?

A

ichthyosaurs & plesiosaurs

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15
Q

What has synapsid?

A

mammal-like reptiles

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16
Q

What has diapsid?

A

lizards, snakes, crocodiles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, & birds

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17
Q

Five main anatomical characteristics of Saurischians (Theropods & Sauropods):

A
  1. lizard-like hip structure with pubis bone protruding forward.
  2. teeth in front part of jaw & along sides of jaw (no predentary bone)
  3. scissors-type jaw (shearing action)
  4. includes carnivores (theropods) & omnivores (sauropods)
  5. includes the largest dinosaurs (sauropods)
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18
Q

What are carnivorous dinosaurs called?

A

theropods

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19
Q

What are omnivorous dinosaurs called?

A

sauropods

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20
Q

What has a lizard-like hip structure?

A

saurischians

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21
Q

What has a pubis bone protruding forward?

A

Saurischians

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22
Q

What has their teeth in front part of jaw and along sides of jaw (no predentary bone)?

A

Saurischians

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23
Q

What are the largest dinosaurs?

A

Sauropods

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24
Q

What two groups are included in the Saurischians?

A

theropods & Sauropods

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25
Q

Five main anatomical characteristics of Ornithischians:

A
  1. bird-like hip strucutre with pubis bone protruding forward and backward
  2. predentary bone in front part of jaw; teeth only along sides of jaw (no teeth in front)
  3. nutcracker-type jaw (chomping action)
  4. includes only herbivores
  5. includes the greatest diversity of dinosaurs
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26
Q

What groups are included in the Ornithischians?

A

Ornithopods, Stegosaurs, Ankylosaurs, Pachycehpalosaurs & Ceratposians

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27
Q

What has a bird-like hip structure with pubis bone protruding forward and backward?

A

Ornithischians

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28
Q

What has a predentary bone in front part of jaw; teeth only along sides of jaw (no teeth in front)?

A

Ornithischians

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29
Q

What has a nutcracker-type jaw?

A

Ornithischians

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30
Q

What group includes the herbivores?

A

Ornithischians

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31
Q

What group includes the greatest diversity of dinosaurs?

A

Ornithischians

32
Q

Label the ischium, ilium, and pubis on both the Saurischian and Ornithischian pelvis.

A

See 23a

33
Q

Locate the jaw articulation point on both the Saurischian and Ornithischian skulls:

A

See 23a

34
Q

Endothermic:

A

Body temperature controlled internally by metabolic processes “warm-blooded”

35
Q

Ectothermic:

A

body temperature controlled externally by the ambient environment “cold-blooded”

36
Q

Homeotherm:

A

An animal that maintains a constant body temperature (generally endothermic, but some large ectothermic animals in stable climates)

37
Q

Poikilotherm:

A

An animal whose body temperature fluctuates significantly (generally ectothermic)

38
Q

Give six pieces of evidence in support of endothermy in some dinosaurs:

A
  1. Stable oxygen isotopes in bones
  2. Bone microstructure (growth rings, canals, etc.)
  3. Very low predator:prey biomass ratios in some occurrences
  4. Broad geographic (latitudinal) distribution
  5. Dinosaur anatomy is similar to that of early birds, and modern birds are endothermic
  6. Herding behavior and post-natal care are typical of modern endotherms
39
Q

Give five pieces of evidence against endothermy in some dinosaurs:

A
  1. Fossils of dinosaur skin indicate no fur or feathers for insulation
  2. Internal skull casts suggest that brain morphology was similar to that of modern reptiles
  3. Predator:prey biomass ratios are equivocal
  4. Large amount of food would be required for large endothermic dinosaurs
  5. Dinosaur anatomy is basically reptilian, and modern reptiles are ectothermic
40
Q

Label the nares, orbit, and temporal fenestra on the mammalian skulls

A

See 24a

41
Q

Reproduction in the Eutherian (“Placental”) mammals:

A

The embryo develops into a fetus inside a uterus (which is connected by an umbilical cord to a placenta in the uterine wall)

The young are born in a relatively advanced fetal stage (unlike monotremes and marsupials)

this group appeared in the cretaceous and is by far the most abundant and diverse groups of mammals today

42
Q

When did the Eutherian mammals first appear?

A

Cretaceous

43
Q

What is the most abundant and diverse group of mammals?

A

Eutherians

44
Q

Embryo:

A

Earliest ontogenetic (developmental) stage of a mammal, which develops immediately from the fertilized egg; during part of this stage, the embryo possesses a notochord

45
Q

Fetus:

A

Next ontogenetic stage of a mammal, which begins when the notochord disappears and the bones of the skeleton begin to be calcified and hardened.

46
Q

Infant:

A

The ontogenetic stage that begins at the moment of birth and leads into adolescence, adulthood, etc.

47
Q

Uterus:

A

The main reproductive organ in a female mammal, which contains the chorionic sac, which in turn contains the amniotic sac, which in turn houses the developing embryo/fetus.

48
Q

Umbilical cord:

A

Tube which connects to developing fetus to the placenta

49
Q

Placenta:

A

outgrowth of the wall of the uterus

50
Q

What five important functions does the placenta serve for the fetus?

A
  1. protection
  2. nutrition
  3. respiration
  4. excretion
  5. hormone secretion
51
Q

Gestation Period:

A

Length of time elapses from fertilization of the egg (through the embryonic and fetal stages) to the birth of the infant mammal

52
Q

Mammaries:

A

milk glands (contained inside breasts with nipples)

53
Q

Viviparous:

A

live-bearing (the placentals & marsupials)

54
Q

Oviparous:

A

Egg-laying (the monotremes)

55
Q

What are the four basic tooth types in mammals?

A

Incisors, Canines, Premolars, Molars

56
Q

Incisors:

A

Flat, chisel-like front teeth for nipping and biting food

57
Q

Canines:

A

Sharply pointed corner teeth for stabbing and tearing food

58
Q

Premolars:

A

Blade-like side teeth for ripping and tearing food

59
Q

Molars:

A

Massive side teeth for chewing and grinding food

60
Q

tusks of elephants are examples of:

A

incisors

61
Q

tusks of walruses are examples of:

A

canines

62
Q

fangs of wolves are examples of:

A

canines

63
Q

sabers of extinct saber tooth cats are examples of:

A

canines

64
Q

cuspids in humans are examples of:

A

canines

65
Q

carnassials of carnivores are examples of:

A

premolars

66
Q

bicuspids in humans are examples of:

A

premolars

67
Q

In what are molars best developed?

A

ungulates

68
Q

Dental Formula (in mammals):

A

Incisors-canines-premolars-molars (2-1-2-3 (in humans))

69
Q

12 Anatomical characteristics of Homo (compared with the great apes & our hominid ancestors):

A
  1. Upright posture & bipedal gait
  2. “Foramen magnum” (sit of articulation of skull with backbone) positioned on bottom of skull
  3. Flat-faced skull with short, shallow jaw
  4. Absence of a “supraorbital ridge” (bony ridge across eyebrow)
  5. Absence of a “sagittal crest” (narrow ridge on top of skull)
  6. Rounder (parabola-shaped) “dental arcade” in the jaw
  7. Incisors proportionately larger, and canines & molars smaller
  8. Arms shorter than legs
  9. Small thumbs positioned close to the other four fingers
  10. Absence of an opposable big toe
  11. Body sparesely covered with short hair
  12. Very large brain (largest “crainal capacity” of all primates)
70
Q

Foramen magnum:

A

sit of articulation of skull with backbone

71
Q

supraorbital ridge:

A

bony ridge across eyebrow

72
Q

sagittal crest:

A

narrow ridge on top of skull

73
Q

What has the largest “cranial capacity” of all primates?

A

Homo

74
Q

ilium:

A

uppermost and largest part of hip bone

75
Q

ischium:

A

the curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis

Geo 3180 (25 decks)

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