Bryozoans

Question 1

Why are bryozoans given a name that literally means “moss animals”?

Answer 1

Because of their numerous tiny feeding tentacles, the fuzzy surface of a bryozoan colony often resembles that of moss, and some forms even are green, but they are not moss-they are animals!

Question 2

Zoarium:

Answer 2

Skeleton of the entire bryozoan colony; may assume various growth forms, such as encrusting, massive, branching (bush-like or stick-like), etc.

Question 3

Zoecium:

Answer 3

Body wall or skeleton iof individual bryozoan animal

Question 4

Aperture:

Answer 4

Main opening in zoecium through which the animal brings in water & food

Question 5

Operculum:

Answer 5

Hinged lid covering the aperture of some bryozoans (Cheilostomes)

Question 6

Zooid:

Answer 6

Individual bryozoan animal; typically <1mm in diameter

Question 7

Ancestrula:

Answer 7

Initial (sexually produced) zooid of the colony. (Bryozoan)

Question 8

Kenozooids:

Answer 8

Individuals specialized for asexual budding of other zooids in the colony. (Bryozoan)

Question 9

Gonozooids:

Answer 9

Individuals specialized for producing gametes (sex cells)

Question 10

Autozooids:

Answer 10

Normal feeding individuals within the colony.

Question 11

Draw a digram of the Bryozoan zoarium

Answer 11

7a

Question 12

Life Habits and Paleoecology of Bryozoans:

Answer 12

1. Sessile, epifaunal, benthic filter feeders (using a lophophore).2. Stenolaemates and Gymnolaemates live mainly in clear, shallow, normal marine water. 3. Often associated with articulate brachiopods & rugose corals in the Paleozoic. 4. Often associated with gastropods & pelecypods in the Mesozoic & Cenozoic.

Question 13

Phylum Bryozoa:

Answer 13

Exclusively colonial invertebrates that live in a small colony (zoarium) of individuals (zooids), each of which lives in a tiny chamber (zoecium) and feeds by means of a lophophore; detailed taxonomy is based upon the microscopic shape of the zoecia and the zoecial apertures, as well as the macroscopic growth form of the zoarium.

Question 14

Subphylum Ectoprocta:

Answer 14

Anus located outside the lophophre; mostly marine; the only bryozoan subphylum with a fossil record; Ordovician to Recent

Question 15

Subphylum Ectoprocta Geologic Range:

Answer 15

Ordovician to Recent

Question 16

Class Stenolaemata:

Answer 16

(“narrow throat”): Characterized by long, tubular, narrow, highly calcified zoecia, which continue to grow longer and longer throughout the life of the colony; Ordovician to Recent

Question 17

Class Stenolaemata Geologic Range:

Answer 17

Ordovician to Recent

Question 18

Order Cryptostomata:

Answer 18

(“Hidden mouth”): Exemplified by the finger-like Rhombopora; Ordovician to Permian

Question 19

Order Cryptostomata Geologic Range:

Answer 19

Ordovician to Permian

Question 20

Order Trepostomata:

Answer 20

(“change mouth”): Exemplified by the button-like Prasopora, the twig-like Dekayella, and also the common Batostoma, Eridotrypa, Hallopora, and Heterotrypa; Ordovician to Triassic

Question 21

Order Trepostomata Geologic Range:

Answer 21

Ordovician to Triassic

Question 22

Order Fenestrata:

Answer 22

(“windows”): Exemplified by the lace-like Fenestella, Fenestrellina and Archimedes; Ordovician to Triassic

Question 23

Order Fenestrata Geologic Range:

Answer 23

Ordovician to Triassic

Question 24

Order Cyclostomata:

Answer 24

(“round mouth”): Exemplified by the organpipe-like Idmonea; Ordovician to Recent

Question 25

Order Cyclostomata Geologic Range:

Answer 25

Ordovician to Recent

Question 26

Class Gymnolaemata:

Answer 26

(“naked throat”): Characterized by box-like or cylinder-like enclosures around the zoecia, which remain a fixed size throughout the life of the colony; Ordovician to Recent

Question 27

Class Gymnolaemata Geologic Range:

Answer 27

Ordovician to Recent

Question 28

Order Cheilostomata:

Answer 28

(“lip mouth”): Exemplified by the bush-like Bugula and sheet-like Membranipora; Jurassic to Recent

Question 29

Order Cheilostomata Geologic Range:

Answer 29

Jurassic to Recent