final exam exercise phys

Question 1

define ventilation

Answer 1

: Mechanical process of moving air in and out of lungs

Question 2

Define Diffusion

Answer 2

Random movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration

Question 3

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 3

alveoli

Question 4

Define Tidal Volume

Answer 4

Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing

Question 5

The greatest O2 concentrations in blood are bound to hemoglobin as what?

Answer 5

oxyhemoglobin

Question 6

Transport process of Carbon Dioxide as it leaves the body:

Answer 6

Dissolved in plasma( 10%), bond to Hb(20%), bicarbonate(70%)

Question 7

Anatomical location of the respiratory control center:

Answer 7

Pontine respiratory center/ Pons and medulla

Question 8

How can elite endurance athletes experience exercise-induced hypoxemia during heavy exercise?

Answer 8

Respiratory muscle fatigue

Question 9

How do PCO2 and H+ in cerebral spinal fluid influence changes in breathing?

Answer 9

influences you to breath more

Question 10

What is the relationship between PO2 and O2 affinity for myoglobin over hemoglobin?

Answer 10

lung high Po2 will form high hemoglobin

Question 11

What type of muscle fiber would contain the greatest amount of myoglobin

Answer 11

Type 1 oxidative muscle fibers

Question 12

What Is the Role of Myoglobin?

Answer 12

Shuttles oxygen from cell membrane to the mitochondria/ has higher infinity of oxygen than hemoglobin

Question 13

Carotid bodies are chemoreceptors sensitive to what is in arterial blood?

Answer 13

they are sensitive to po2, pco2, and PH

Question 14

Define Hydrogen as it relates to an acid:

Answer 14

The strongest acid in our body

Question 15

Are there sex differences in sweating?

Answer 15

yes but they are small and can be negelected

Question 16

What are the physiological adaptations seen with cold acclimation?

Answer 16

Increased Non shivering thermogenesis (you don’t need to shake to produce heat), Improved peripheral blood flow, cold adaptation occur rapidly (first 7 days)

Question 17

What is known about heat shock proteins as it relates to hot environments, cell damage and heat stress?

Answer 17

cells protect themselves from lethial assault

Question 18

Trained muscle uses fatty acids more effectively for fuel. What are some of the results of this enhanced capacity

Answer 18

Your PH gets more balanced b/c your not undergoing glycolysis to produce lactate…..increased capillary density, increased enzyme

Question 19

How does increasing mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle impact acid-base balance during exercise?

Answer 19

more mitochondria=more acid

Question 20

Know how training impacts mitochondria volume over 7 days, 5 wks., and post 4 wks. Detraining

Answer 20

Within 1 week some mitochondria increase, 5 weeks it increases… 50% loss of 1 week of detraining, (slide 36)

Question 21

What are the master primary signals that promote muscle adaptation during endurance exercise training?

Answer 21

? MECAHNICAL STRETCH, CALCIUM ENDURANCE TRAINING, AMP/ATP ENDURANCE TRAINING, FREE RADICALS

Question 22

What are the secondary signaling molecules that contribute to the synthesis of antioxidants enzymes in response to endurance exercise?

Answer 22

PGC 1a, AMPK, P38, mTOR

Question 23

What would be a typical % VO2 max improvement following a 3 day/week @ 60% max for 12 wks?

Answer 23

Average vo2 increases 25-20%

Question 24

How is maximal stroke volume associated with VO2 max variations in the normal untrained population?

Answer 24

Happens because of max cardiac output, increase in preload, less arterial constriction, 10%

Question 25

How does heritability play a role in VO2 max

Answer 25

Determines 50% of V02 max in sedentary results (Genetics playa role in this)

Question 26

How are oxygen deficits reduced with endurance training

Answer 26

Building more mitochondria and capillaries (moving and using oxygen), having less lactate and PC formation

Question 27

What are the acute first 4 months of endurance training adaptations seen in stroke volume and max cardiac output?

Answer 27

stroke volume (preload increases, plasma increases, venous return increases, verticular volume, increased contraction

Question 28

Define the overload principle?

Answer 28

training effects occurs when a physiological system is exercised beyond which is normal

Question 29

How does the principle of training specificity play out when comparing aerobic vs anaerobic training?

Answer 29

energy systems involved (anarobic and aerobic), type 2 fiber, and type of contraction

Question 30

mitophogy

Answer 30

beak down of mitochondria.. break down old ones to make new ones.. bodies ability to breakdown your mothers mitochondria

Question 31

glute 4

Answer 31

aerobic exercise training.. allows skeltal muscles to uptake glucose in the case of insulin being supressed

Question 32

How does a-VO2 difference, and Maximal cardiac output change with long-term endurance training?

Answer 32

short term= training does alot for a-v02, and it happens due to capillary density (slower blood flow through muscles, mitochondria numbers increase.

long term=combination of stroke volume, shift in muscle type

Question 33

Mitochondria biogenesis

Answer 33

PGC 1a, high intensity training promotes this (HIIT)

Question 34

How quickly does mitochondrial biogenesis occur following an acute bout of endurance training?

Answer 34

WITHIN AN HOUR OF TRAINING

Question 35

How does carbon dioxide impact blood PH

Answer 35

by reacting with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can dissociate to form a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-).

Question 36

What forms when PCO2 reacts with water?

Answer 36

CARBON ACID

Question 37

Define Lactic Acid.

Question 38

Bio carbanate

Answer 38

It plays a critical role in pH homeostasis and is utilized by various transporters to transport other ions and organic substrates across cell membranes.