final exam exercise phys Flashcards
define ventilation
: Mechanical process of moving air in and out of lungs
Define Diffusion
Random movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration
Where does gas exchange occur?
alveoli
Define Tidal Volume
Amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath during quiet breathing
The greatest O2 concentrations in blood are bound to hemoglobin as what?
oxyhemoglobin
Transport process of Carbon Dioxide as it leaves the body:
Dissolved in plasma( 10%), bond to Hb(20%), bicarbonate(70%)
Anatomical location of the respiratory control center:
Pontine respiratory center/ Pons and medulla
How can elite endurance athletes experience exercise-induced hypoxemia during heavy exercise?
Respiratory muscle fatigue
How do PCO2 and H+ in cerebral spinal fluid influence changes in breathing?
influences you to breath more
What is the relationship between PO2 and O2 affinity for myoglobin over hemoglobin?
lung high Po2 will form high hemoglobin
What type of muscle fiber would contain the greatest amount of myoglobin
Type 1 oxidative muscle fibers
What Is the Role of Myoglobin?
Shuttles oxygen from cell membrane to the mitochondria/ has higher infinity of oxygen than hemoglobin
Carotid bodies are chemoreceptors sensitive to what is in arterial blood?
they are sensitive to po2, pco2, and PH
Define Hydrogen as it relates to an acid:
The strongest acid in our body
Are there sex differences in sweating?
yes but they are small and can be negelected
What are the physiological adaptations seen with cold acclimation?
Increased Non shivering thermogenesis (you don’t need to shake to produce heat), Improved peripheral blood flow, cold adaptation occur rapidly (first 7 days)
What is known about heat shock proteins as it relates to hot environments, cell damage and heat stress?
cells protect themselves from lethial assault
Trained muscle uses fatty acids more effectively for fuel. What are some of the results of this enhanced capacity
Your PH gets more balanced b/c your not undergoing glycolysis to produce lactate…..increased capillary density, increased enzyme
How does increasing mitochondrial volume in skeletal muscle impact acid-base balance during exercise?
more mitochondria=more acid
Know how training impacts mitochondria volume over 7 days, 5 wks., and post 4 wks. Detraining
Within 1 week some mitochondria increase, 5 weeks it increases… 50% loss of 1 week of detraining, (slide 36)
What are the master primary signals that promote muscle adaptation during endurance exercise training?
? MECAHNICAL STRETCH, CALCIUM ENDURANCE TRAINING, AMP/ATP ENDURANCE TRAINING, FREE RADICALS
What are the secondary signaling molecules that contribute to the synthesis of antioxidants enzymes in response to endurance exercise?
PGC 1a, AMPK, P38, mTOR
What would be a typical % VO2 max improvement following a 3 day/week @ 60% max for 12 wks?
Average vo2 increases 25-20%
How is maximal stroke volume associated with VO2 max variations in the normal untrained population?
Happens because of max cardiac output, increase in preload, less arterial constriction, 10%
How does heritability play a role in VO2 max
Determines 50% of V02 max in sedentary results (Genetics playa role in this)
How are oxygen deficits reduced with endurance training
Building more mitochondria and capillaries (moving and using oxygen), having less lactate and PC formation
What are the acute first 4 months of endurance training adaptations seen in stroke volume and max cardiac output?
stroke volume (preload increases, plasma increases, venous return increases, verticular volume, increased contraction
Define the overload principle?
training effects occurs when a physiological system is exercised beyond which is normal
How does the principle of training specificity play out when comparing aerobic vs anaerobic training?
energy systems involved (anarobic and aerobic), type 2 fiber, and type of contraction
mitophogy
beak down of mitochondria.. break down old ones to make new ones.. bodies ability to breakdown your mothers mitochondria
glute 4
aerobic exercise training.. allows skeltal muscles to uptake glucose in the case of insulin being supressed
How does a-VO2 difference, and Maximal cardiac output change with long-term endurance training?
short term= training does alot for a-v02, and it happens due to capillary density (slower blood flow through muscles, mitochondria numbers increase.
long term=combination of stroke volume, shift in muscle type
Mitochondria biogenesis
PGC 1a, high intensity training promotes this (HIIT)
How quickly does mitochondrial biogenesis occur following an acute bout of endurance training?
WITHIN AN HOUR OF TRAINING
How does carbon dioxide impact blood PH
by reacting with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can dissociate to form a hydrogen ion (H+) and a hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO3-).
What forms when PCO2 reacts with water?
CARBON ACID
Define Lactic Acid.
Bio carbanate
It plays a critical role in pH homeostasis and is utilized by various transporters to transport other ions and organic substrates across cell membranes.
