A&p 2 exam 1 Flashcards
Direct communication
Cells as GAP junctions
2 cells sharing cytoplasm
not very broad communication
has ions, small solutes, lipids, souble materials
ex: the heart
Paracrine communication
spits out a signal
Talks to cell close to it
not a broad communication
ex: the digestive tract
Endocrine communication
signals are sent through blood vessels
Goes through the whole body
Very wide communication
Has tons of hormones
synaptic communication
Includes the nervous system
it is both broad and short communication
-has neurotransmitters
Pars distalis
secretes pituitary hormones
pars intermedia
secretes MSH
hUMANS DONT HAVE THIS
What does the posterior lobe of the puitary gland do?
Releases ADH and oxytocin
Hypothalamic control of the PG
ADH and oxycotin are made in the hypothalamus
-hypo produce regulatory hormones/ tells anterior lobe to make its hormones
- control of sympathetic medullae
Releasing hormones
-TRH
-CRH
GnRH
TRH
Tells thyroid to do its job
- goes through the bloodstream
CRH
Tells pituitary gland to make ACTH
- IT IS CONNECTED TO ADRENELAN
Hormonal control of anterior lobe
- Releases hormone
- Tells pituitary gland to make hormone
- Goes to specific hormone
-makes hormones
-goes back to hypothalamus and PG (TELL IT TO COOL OFF)
Prolactin
Releases milk
-it is regulated by PRH (REGULATION)
-PIH (INHIBITORY)
-PIH is made from dopemine
Growth hormone
-keeps us healthy
allows cellular growth
-makes sure tissue is healthy and maintained
-liver produces IGF’S (PROTEIN) THAT SLOWS DOWN GnRH release (slows down puberity)
Anterior lobe of pituitary hormones
-TSH(TURNS ON METABOLISM KEEPS US WARM
-ACTH(TURNS ON ADRENAL GLAND)
-FSH/LH (REGULATION OF REPRODUCTIVE TRACT
-PROLACTIN (MILK AND GROWTH)
PARS INTERMEDIA OF PITUITARY HORMONES
MSH: HAPPENS EARLY ON, GIVES ANIMALS PIGMENTATION
POSTERIOR LOBE hormones of pituitary gland
ADH- Prevents you from peeing, your body needs enough water.
OXT- Tied to olympic system
WHAT IS thyroid follicle cells surrounded by
surrounded by simple cubiodial epethelial cells
what are thyroid cells produced by?
simple cubiodal cells
Tyrosine
amino acid in your protein
- helps communicate between nerve cells
-helps production of noreheprenephine and eprenephin e
-production of melanin
Thyroxine
Control how much energy your body uses
Gets converted into T3
T3
Active hormone
- another name for thyroid hormone
Reverse T3
IODONS are in the wrong place
Where does iodine come from?
Our diet
How do we make thyroid hormone
-Pituitary gland sent out tsh so iodine can be brough into follicle cells
- Iodine travels out of cells with thyroglobin
- Thyroglobin has tyosines to make t3 and t4
- Thyroglobin is brough in and fuses with lysosomes
-t3 and t4 is diffused out of follicle cells
-Any left over amino acids ortyrosines goes back into thyroglobin
What must be present to start thyriod hormone
TSH MUST BE PRESENT
target endocrine organ of TSH
Thyroid gland
target organ for ACTH
Adrenal cortex
Target endocrine organ for FSH AND LH
Testes/ ovaries
FSH- Ovaries inhibin estrogen
Lh-ovaries inhibin progesterin and estrogen
Hormone of Tsh
Thryoid hormones
Hormone of ACTH
Glucocorticoids
Hormone of LH AND FSH
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERIN AND ANDROGENS
What does the parathyroid hormone do
releases calcium in the bloodtstream in places where calcium is to low
what hormone counteracts with parathyriod
calcitonin
what does insulin do
brings down blood glucose
what does glucagon do
brings up blood glucose
Beta cells
releases insulin/ brings down blood glucose
alpha cells
produces glucagon/brings up blood glucose
when are delta and F cells produced
when we eat protein based foods
type 1 diabetes
you don’t produce enough insulin
type 2 diabetes
your cells are not sensitive to insulin
Pineal gland
makes melatonin, sits in brain stem
adrenal muddulae
Produces EP and NP
Zona reticularis
produces andogrens/mainly testerone
zona fasiculata
produces clugacorticoids
mineral corticoids
produces aldosteron
adrenal cortex
produces cortisol, adrogens
pancreas
produces insulin and glucagon
spermiogenesis
Spermatid to spermatazoom
acromsol vessicle
acrosomal
shedding cytoplasm
mitochondria
