exercise physiology Flashcards
Define immune system
includes skin, mucosa, non discriminate to bacteria, has phalanges, macrophages, k-cells
Define aquired immune system and what it is comprised of
adaptive immune response . T and B cells make up this system
What is the primary roll of B cells
produce antibodies, that responds to antogens
Where are t cells produced
thymus, recognizes protein antigens
what type of t cells are responsible for attacking viruses containing cells
Killer T cells
During acute inflammation, vasodilation or increased blood flow would be performed for what
reasons
Increased blood flow, response to injury, delivers nutrition to injury site, and bring pain
Chronic, low-grade inflammation has been linked to an increased risk of which diseases?
obesity and aging
Immune function can be depressed following strenuous exercise due to high circulating levels of
which stress hormone?
cortisol hormone
Exercise should be avoided if cold/flu symptoms include the following:
issues with breathing, fatigue, fever,or widespread muscle aches
Learn the J-shaped relationship between the intensity of exercise and the risk of upper respiratory
tract infections (URTI): Exercise frequency and intensity related risk for URTI? What are the
known depressive effects on the immune system that can lead to the increased risk of URT
blood levels of T and B cells and natural killer cells decreases
nasal nuetrophil pahtogyces decreases
people who engage in moderate exercise are at lower risk of urti and high volume decreases immune response
Define Immunosenescence.
As we get older our immune system doesn’t respond as well
How does living and exercising at high altitude impact the risk of URTI?
Increased risk of URTI because less oxygen is consumed and you release more cortisol due to stress. Cortisol increases
What exercise regimen is most likely to bolster the immune system against a variety of
infections? What duration (time), intensity, and mode (aerobic vs. Resistant weight)
Regular exercise >60% vo2 max, aerobic
What lifestyle factors have a negative impact on immune function?
lack of sleep, bad diet, mental stress
How can high circulating levels of cortisol depress immune function?
Open windw pehenomenon.. causing an increase in catabolic effect on tissue, decreases T and B cells, increase in blood glucose, increase risk of infection
During exercise recovery, why do some immune cells move from the blood to muscle tissue?
Because of muscle breakdown
due to enzyme chemical changes
How do neutrophils fight infection?
By phagocytosis. Help protect your body from infections by killing bacteria, fungi and foreign debris. If you ever see pus it is the neutrophils who had encased the pathogens and then died.
How do Macrophages contribute to innate immunity
phaogocytosis and cytokine release
What is the difference between efferent and afferent nerve fibers?
Afferent= to the brain
efferent= away from the brain
the mid section of the spine if labeled efferent
Define resting membrane potential
-70, not stimulated, potassium on inside, sodium on outside
Define the role of joint and muscle proprioceptors, and muscle chemoreceptors, what types have been covered, where they are located and what function they provide regarding body awareness, muscle recruitment, muscle relaxation and balance.
Free nerve endings Most abundant type of joint proprioceptors
Sensitive to touch and pressure
Initially strongly stimulated, then adapt
Golgi-type receptors - Found in ligaments and around joints and
Functionally similar to free nerve endings
Pacinian corpuscles - Located in tissues around joints, Detect rate of joint rotation
What is the role of the Cerebellum as it related to movement
Refines movement
Define the autonomic nervous system into two functional and anatomical divisions and how they play a role around stress and rest.
Sympathetic: releases norepinephrine contracts muscle rests
Parasympathetic: releases a-coa, decreases sympathetic drive
Define kinesthesia
Conscious recognition of the position of body parts
Also called “kinesthetic sense” Recognition of speed of limb movement
movement sense
Where is the motor cortex located and what is its primary function?
Brain, move your body, spinal tuning
Define spinal tuning.
neural networks within the spinal cord that refine voluntary movement after receiving messages from higher brain centers. Withdrawal reflex is removing limb from source of pain. The careful way of tuning our nervous system.
Define excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) and the difference between temporal and spatial summation.
EPSPs promote neural depolarization in two ways:
1) temporal summation; and/or 2) spatial summation
Temporal summation - Summing several EPSPs from one presynaptic neuron
Spatial summation - Summing EPSPs from several different presynaptic neurons
What is the primary neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic (rest and digest) (vasodilation of smooth muscle) nervous system?
ACH
Equilibrium and balance require input from which discussed systems?
Vestibular apparatus-important for maintaining equilibrium. Located in the inner-ear. It maintains general equilibrium and balance and will maintain head position. Sensitive changes from linear and angular acceleration are stimulated by head movement. This also controls head and eye movement during exercise. Motor cortex regions in the cerebellum. Eyes, oculomotor center.
. Define the size principle of muscle motor unit recruitment.
Motor unit recruitment - Recruitment of additional muscle fibers by activating more motor units
The size principle - the orderly recruitment of motor units during exercise
SMALL FIBERS (LESS FORCE) TO FAST AND LARE FIBERS
Describe the potential mechanism that could contribute to central fatigue.
DEPLETION OF EXCITITORY NUERAL TRANSMITTERS
Fatigue due to neuronal dysfunction within higher brain centers and/or motor neurons.
Define Motor unit aging.
AS WE AGE OUR NERVOUS SYSTEM DECLINES
Neuromuscular aging measured by declines in: Reflex times, Peak force and Peak power
Where is Calcium is stored in muscle?
SR
What is the role of calcium binding to troponin.
Depolarization of motor end plate (excitation) is coupled to muscular contraction
Know the muscle types and the levels of force production, fatigue levels, and recruitment order
TYPE 1, TYPE 2A, TYPE 2X»» FATIGUE RESISTANCE, TRANSITION, HIGHLY FATIGUE
DESCRIBE MOTOR UNIT
Motor unit - Motor neuron and all fibers it innervates
Define cachexia.
Disease related loss of muscle mass, it is not age related.
Define Postactivation potentiation.
Warmup exercise results in this.
After you have already activated the muscle it is easier to have following contractions that are more forceful.
. Define the altered neuromuscular control theory
DECREASE IN CALCIUM CAUSES FATIGUE.
FATIGUE CAUSES DECREASE IN MUSCLE FORCE PRODUCTION
MUSCLES GET TIRED BECAUSE OF INJURY
Define what Satellite cells are and their functions.
Stem cells that will add new myonuclei in the muscle fibers. With resistance training you would see and increase of the size of the myonuclei. GOOD FOR MUSCLE RECOVERY
Define the force-velocity curve.
At any absolute force exerted by the muscle, the speed of movement is greater in muscles with a higher percentage of fast twitch fibers. Maximum velocity of shortening is greatest at the lowest force.True for both for slow and fast fibers.
Define sarcopenia and the age-related changes associated with it
Aging is associated with a loss of skeletal muscle mass
10% muscle mass lost between age 25–50 years
Additional 40% lost between age 50–80 years
. Define cardiac output.
STROKE VOLUME TIMES HEART RATE
Know how the transition from rest to exercise impacts cardiac output and blood volume to the heart.
At rest heart rate is parasympathetic. From rest to exercise the amount of diastole gets smaller.
. How do beta-adrenergic blocking medications affect people during exercise?
Negative effect on contraction, reduce contraction, reduce stroke volume. Struggle with heavy exercise.
. Define the phases of the cardiac cycle in how they respond to the start of exercise
Systole and diastole. Systole gets shorter and diastole gets significantly shorter.
What resting level of systolic and diastolic blood pressure would result in the diagnosis of hypertension?
130/80
The central command theory of cardiovascular control proposes that initial signal to the cardiovascular control center comes from the?
CV CENTER
What relationships describe the Fick equation?
DECSRIBES RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CO AND AV DIFFERENCE
. How does exercise intensity impact arterial-venous oxygen difference?
As exercise increases the arterial venous oxygen difference widens.
A local increase in the nitric oxide concentration around arterioles results in?
VASOLIDATION
What locally produced factors in skeletal muscle impact the autoregulation of blood flow to working muscles?
Autoregulation. Blood flow increased to meet metabolic demands of tissue. Due to changes in O2 and Co2 and nitrice oxide. Vasoconstriction to visceral and inactive tissues.
All gas exchange between the vascular system and tissues occurs in which areas of the circulatory system?
Cappilliers
Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure, what is the difference between the two called?
Systolic would be defined as the peripheral resistance or the resistance that your body pushes back against your heart. Pressure generated during ventricular contraction. Diastolic is pressure in the arteries during cardiac relaxation. Difference is known as pulse pressure.
Define the role of the sinoatrial node?
It is the pace maker of the heart. It initiates depolarization.
Where is the cardiovascular control center located?
It is located in the medulla in your brain stem. It is in the two small circles in the medulla that are labeled the cardiac center.
What is the relationship between cardiac output and metabolic rate?
Redistribution of blood flow during exercise. As cardiac ouput increases the cardiac rate increases.
What is the Karvonen formula?
heart rate minus age
