Final Exam AI Flashcards
What is produced during aerobic respiration from one glucose molecule?
32 ATP
Glycogen is converted into glucose for energy production.
What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
Converted into lactate
What is the product yield for each acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
In hemoglobin, what does O2 bind to?
Iron
What hormone is released in the gastrointestinal tract to stimulate hunger?
Ghrelin
What is the independent variable in a research study?
The factor controlled by the study design
True or False: One can prevent blood pooling by activating the muscle pump.
TRUE
How does trained endurance individuals compare to untrained individuals in terms of maximal stroke volume?
Higher in trained individuals
What happens to oxygen diffusion capacity during exercise?
Increases dramatically
What increases the PO2 gradient during exercise?
Lower venous O2 content
What occurs when the PO2 of the conditions is high?
A small change in hemoglobin saturation
Does low blood pressure affect stroke volume?
YES, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance
Why do chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth?
Excess CO2 needs to be ‘blown off’
What happens when the membrane potential changes from -60 mV to -35 mV?
Depolarization
Strength increases in older populations is primarily due to _______.
Neural adaptations
How does a capillary bed across an exercising muscle compare to one at rest?
Has a greater difference
What energy system is primarily used in a 50-meter sprint?
ATP-PCr system
Where does the decision to voluntarily move a body part come from?
Primary motor cortex
What is the primary purpose of ADH?
Water retention
What is the process of excitation of a motor nerve called?
Excitation-contraction coupling
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?
Increases heart rate
What do norepinephrine and epinephrine do during circulation?
Lead to increased stroke volume due to increased cardiac contractility
Which ion transport is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?
Na+/K+ pump
What is considered to be a normal hematocrit reading?
40%
What is the resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?
0.79 to 0.80
Why is the Bohr effect important?
The ability to unload more oxygen
What issue does Barbra Drink Water address?
Issues specifically for female athletes
What combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
O2
What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the glycolytic pathway?
Phosphofructokinase
Non-steroid hormones use _______ as intracellular chemicals.
Secondary messengers
What are T3 and T4 responsible for? (All)
All except inhibiting protein synthesis
Which protein covers the myosin binding site preventing contraction from happening at rest?
TROPOMYOSIN
If a client’s EDV=110 ml, ESV=40 ml, heart rate=60 bpm, what is the cardiac output (Q) in l/min?
Q=SVxHR. Stroke Volume (SV) = EDV - ESV = 110 ml - 40 ml = 70 ml. Q = 70 ml x 60 bpm = 4200 ml = 4.2 L/min.
Where is cardiac muscle found?
FOUND IN THE HEART (ONLY)
What surrounds muscle fibers?
ENDOMYSIUM SURROUNDS MUSCLE FIBER
What are the A bands of the sarcomere composed of?
THIN AND THICK
Why is it important to have action potential in the muscle for contraction?
THE SR WILL RELEASE CA ONLY IF IT’S BEEN ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED
What determines a normal resting heart rate?
PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC
At rest, which organs receive about 50% of cardiac output?
LIVER AND KIDNEYS
What is the resting cardiac output approximately?
5 L/min while cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 25 L/min.
At what percentage of VO2 max does stroke volume start to plateau for most individuals?
APPROXIMATELY 50% VO2MAX
What are arterioles primarily responsible for?
CONTROLLING VASCULAR RESISTANCE
What is the consequence of dehydration causing hematocrit to rise to 60%?
DEMINISHED EXERCISE CAPACITY DUE TO HIGHER VISCOSITY
What is it referred to when sympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted in exercising muscle?
SYMPATHOLYSIS
What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation and cannot be exhaled?
RESIDUAL VOLUME
What technique is used to measure lung volume capacities and flow rates?
SPIRMEMTARY
What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise?
O2 UNLOADING BECOMES AT THE MUSCLES
Where does gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries occur?
RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
If PO2 in the blood entering the alveoli is 40 mmHg and the PO2 of the alveoli is 105 mmHg, where will oxygen diffuse?
FROM ALVEOLI TO BLOOD
What is the molecule called when carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin?
CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN
Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to which skeletal muscle fiber?
TYPE 1
If a cross-country runner can no longer improve her VO2 max, how can her performance still improve?
DUE TO INCREASE IN HER LACTATE THRESHOLD
Anaerobic training in 30s bouts increases all but which of the following enzymes?
CITRATE SYNTHASE
Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training?
INCREASED RESTING AND SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE
Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training?
LEFT VENTRICLE
What happens to the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) after aerobic training?
RER DECREASES
What does the acronym EAMC stand for?
EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMP
What happens to plasma volume during the first two weeks of aerobic training?
Plasma volume increases because plasma protein synthesis increases.
How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) if a client’s SBP/DBP is 120/90?
MAP = DBP + (SBP - DBP / 3)»_space; 100 mg.
What is the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glycogen?
The net ATP yield is 39 ATP.
What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) in cells of the nervous system? #
The RMP is about -70 mV.
What does Boyle’s law state?
At a given constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
What mechanism underlies preload’s effect on stroke volume?
The mechanism is known as the ‘Frank Starling Mechanism.’
Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain?
The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively known as?
They are collectively known as catecholamines.
What is the function of intercalated discs in heart cells?
They help conduct the action potential from one heart cell to the next.
Where are the ‘pacemaker’ cells of the heart located?
The ‘pacemaker’ cells are located in the sinoatrial node (SA) of the heart.
What is the Wingate Anaerobic test known for?
It is the closest to the gold standard to measure anaerobic power.
What is the likely explanation for marathon runners ‘hitting the wall’ around mile 20?
Glycogen depletion is the most likely explanation for the sudden onset of fatigue.
What can result from a reduction in plasma volume?
Decreased blood pressure and increased cardiovascular strain.
What are the 4 important predictors of a successful endurance athlete?
- VO2 max
- Lactate threshold
- Economy of effort
- Muscle fiber type
