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Kinesiology 3800 > Final Exam AI > Flashcards

Final Exam AI Flashcards

1
Q

What is produced during aerobic respiration from one glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP

Glycogen is converted into glucose for energy production.

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2
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?

A

Converted into lactate

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3
Q

What is the product yield for each acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

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4
Q

In hemoglobin, what does O2 bind to?

A

Iron

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5
Q

What hormone is released in the gastrointestinal tract to stimulate hunger?

A

Ghrelin

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6
Q

What is the independent variable in a research study?

A

The factor controlled by the study design

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7
Q

True or False: One can prevent blood pooling by activating the muscle pump.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

How does trained endurance individuals compare to untrained individuals in terms of maximal stroke volume?

A

Higher in trained individuals

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9
Q

What happens to oxygen diffusion capacity during exercise?

A

Increases dramatically

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10
Q

What increases the PO2 gradient during exercise?

A

Lower venous O2 content

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11
Q

What occurs when the PO2 of the conditions is high?

A

A small change in hemoglobin saturation

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12
Q

Does low blood pressure affect stroke volume?

A

YES, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance

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13
Q

Why do chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth?

A

Excess CO2 needs to be ‘blown off’

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14
Q

What happens when the membrane potential changes from -60 mV to -35 mV?

A

Depolarization

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15
Q

Strength increases in older populations is primarily due to _______.

A

Neural adaptations

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16
Q

How does a capillary bed across an exercising muscle compare to one at rest?

A

Has a greater difference

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17
Q

What energy system is primarily used in a 50-meter sprint?

A

ATP-PCr system

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18
Q

Where does the decision to voluntarily move a body part come from?

A

Primary motor cortex

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19
Q

What is the primary purpose of ADH?

A

Water retention

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20
Q

What is the process of excitation of a motor nerve called?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

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21
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on heart rate?

A

Increases heart rate

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22
Q

What do norepinephrine and epinephrine do during circulation?

A

Lead to increased stroke volume due to increased cardiac contractility

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23
Q

Which ion transport is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?

A

Na+/K+ pump

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24
Q

What is considered to be a normal hematocrit reading?

A

40%

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25
Q

What is the resting respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?

A

0.79 to 0.80

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26
Q

Why is the Bohr effect important?

A

The ability to unload more oxygen

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27
Q

What issue does Barbra Drink Water address?

A

Issues specifically for female athletes

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28
Q

What combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

A

O2

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29
Q

What is the rate-limiting enzyme for the glycolytic pathway?

A

Phosphofructokinase

30
Q

Non-steroid hormones use _______ as intracellular chemicals.

A

Secondary messengers

31
Q

What are T3 and T4 responsible for? (All)

A

All except inhibiting protein synthesis

32
Q

Which protein covers the myosin binding site preventing contraction from happening at rest?

A

TROPOMYOSIN

33
Q

If a client’s EDV=110 ml, ESV=40 ml, heart rate=60 bpm, what is the cardiac output (Q) in l/min?

A

Q=SVxHR. Stroke Volume (SV) = EDV - ESV = 110 ml - 40 ml = 70 ml. Q = 70 ml x 60 bpm = 4200 ml = 4.2 L/min.

34
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

FOUND IN THE HEART (ONLY)

35
Q

What surrounds muscle fibers?

A

ENDOMYSIUM SURROUNDS MUSCLE FIBER

36
Q

What are the A bands of the sarcomere composed of?

A

THIN AND THICK

37
Q

Why is it important to have action potential in the muscle for contraction?

A

THE SR WILL RELEASE CA ONLY IF IT’S BEEN ELECTRICALLY STIMULATED

38
Q

What determines a normal resting heart rate?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC AND SYMPATHETIC

39
Q

At rest, which organs receive about 50% of cardiac output?

A

LIVER AND KIDNEYS

40
Q

What is the resting cardiac output approximately?

A

5 L/min while cardiac output during exercise can increase up to 25 L/min.

41
Q

At what percentage of VO2 max does stroke volume start to plateau for most individuals?

A

APPROXIMATELY 50% VO2MAX

42
Q

What are arterioles primarily responsible for?

A

CONTROLLING VASCULAR RESISTANCE

43
Q

What is the consequence of dehydration causing hematocrit to rise to 60%?

A

DEMINISHED EXERCISE CAPACITY DUE TO HIGHER VISCOSITY

44
Q

What is it referred to when sympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted in exercising muscle?

A

SYMPATHOLYSIS

45
Q

What is the volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation and cannot be exhaled?

A

RESIDUAL VOLUME

46
Q

What technique is used to measure lung volume capacities and flow rates?

A

SPIRMEMTARY

47
Q

What happens when the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise?

A

O2 UNLOADING BECOMES AT THE MUSCLES

48
Q

Where does gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries occur?

A

RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE

49
Q

If PO2 in the blood entering the alveoli is 40 mmHg and the PO2 of the alveoli is 105 mmHg, where will oxygen diffuse?

A

FROM ALVEOLI TO BLOOD

50
Q

What is the molecule called when carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin?

A

CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN

51
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to which skeletal muscle fiber?

A

TYPE 1

52
Q

If a cross-country runner can no longer improve her VO2 max, how can her performance still improve?

A

DUE TO INCREASE IN HER LACTATE THRESHOLD

53
Q

Anaerobic training in 30s bouts increases all but which of the following enzymes?

A

CITRATE SYNTHASE

54
Q

Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training?

A

INCREASED RESTING AND SUBMAXIMAL HEART RATE

55
Q

Which chamber of the heart adapts most to chronic endurance training?

A

LEFT VENTRICLE

56
Q

What happens to the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) after aerobic training?

A

RER DECREASES

57
Q

What does the acronym EAMC stand for?

A

EXERCISE ASSOCIATED MUSCLE CRAMP

58
Q

What happens to plasma volume during the first two weeks of aerobic training?

A

Plasma volume increases because plasma protein synthesis increases.

59
Q

How do you calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) if a client’s SBP/DBP is 120/90?

A

MAP = DBP + (SBP - DBP / 3)&raquo_space; 100 mg.

60
Q

What is the net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glycogen?

A

The net ATP yield is 39 ATP.

61
Q

What is the resting membrane potential (RMP) in cells of the nervous system? #

A

The RMP is about -70 mV.

62
Q

What does Boyle’s law state?

A

At a given constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely proportional to each other.

63
Q

What mechanism underlies preload’s effect on stroke volume?

A

The mechanism is known as the ‘Frank Starling Mechanism.’

64
Q

Where are the respiratory centers located in the brain?

A

The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata.

65
Q

What are epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively known as?

A

They are collectively known as catecholamines.

66
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs in heart cells?

A

They help conduct the action potential from one heart cell to the next.

67
Q

Where are the ‘pacemaker’ cells of the heart located?

A

The ‘pacemaker’ cells are located in the sinoatrial node (SA) of the heart.

68
Q

What is the Wingate Anaerobic test known for?

A

It is the closest to the gold standard to measure anaerobic power.

69
Q

What is the likely explanation for marathon runners ‘hitting the wall’ around mile 20?

A

Glycogen depletion is the most likely explanation for the sudden onset of fatigue.

70
Q

What can result from a reduction in plasma volume?

A

Decreased blood pressure and increased cardiovascular strain.

71
Q

What are the 4 important predictors of a successful endurance athlete?

A
  1. VO2 max
  2. Lactate threshold
  3. Economy of effort
  4. Muscle fiber type

Kinesiology 3800 (12 decks)

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