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Kinesiology 3800 > Ch.7 > Flashcards

Ch.7 Flashcards

1
Q

3 major circulatory elements

A
  1. Pump (heart)
  2. Channels or tubes (blood vessels)
  3. A fluid medium (blood)
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2
Q

Blood flow must meet __ demands

A

Metabolic

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3
Q

What does heart generate to drive blood through vessels?

A

Pressure

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4
Q

6 major functions of Cardiovascular System (DRTTAI)

A

• Delivers O2, nutrients
• Removes CO2, other waste
• Transports hormones, other molecules
• Temperature balance and fluid regulation
• Acid–base balance
• Immune function

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5
Q

What side of the heart is pulmonary circulation?

A

Right side

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6
Q

What blood does the right side of the heart pump from body to lungs?

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

What blood does the left side of the heart pump from body to lungs?

A

Oxygenated

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8
Q

What side of the heart deals with systemic circulation?

A

Left side

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9
Q

Term for cardiac muscle

A

Myocardium

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of Left ventricle (MTLB)

A

-Must pump blood to entire body
-Thickest wall(hypertrophy)
-LV hypertrophied with exercise and with disease
-But exercise adaptations be disease adaptations very different

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11
Q

Myocardium: ___ __ artery supplies right side of heart

A

Coronary

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12
Q

Myocardium: ___ __ artery supplies left side of heart

A

Left(main) coronary

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13
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Large, long up branched multinucleated muscle cell

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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15
Q

Muscle cell that has intermittent, voluntary contractions

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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16
Q

Muscle cell with Ca2+ released from SR

A

Skeletal muscle cell

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17
Q

Small, short, branched, one nucleus cell

A

Myocardial cells

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18
Q

Muscle cell with continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions

A

Myocardial cells

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19
Q

Muscle cell with calcium-induced calcium release

A

Myocardial cell

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20
Q

Calcium induced calcium release:
1. __ spreads along Sarcolemma down _-__

A

AP
T-tubules

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21
Q

Calcium induced calcium release:
2. __ receptors in T-tubule are __ and __

A

DHP (special Ca channel)
Stimulated and open

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22
Q

Calcium induced calcium release:
3. Extracellular ___ to enter __ but insufficient to cause __

A

Ca2+
Cell
Contraction

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23
Q

Calcium induced calcium release:
4. Instead, triggers __ receptors on SR to release __

A

Ryanodine (another special Ca2+ channel)
Ca2+

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24
Q

How many fiber types in myocardial cell?

A

One

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25
Q

Characteristics of Myocardial fiber type

A

-High capillary density
-High number of mitochondria
-Striated

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26
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers connected by regions called __ __

A

Intercalated discs

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27
Q

Intercalated discs: hold cells together

A

Desmosomes

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28
Q

Intercalated discs: rapidly conduct action potentials

A

Gap junctions

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29
Q

Cardiac muscle ability to generate own electri l signal

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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30
Q

TF: Spontaneous rhythmicity allows contraction with external stimulation

A

False
Without

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31
Q

Electrical impulse:
__ atrium to ___

A

Right
Throughout the entire heart

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32
Q

Starting point of spontaneous rhythmicity

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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33
Q

Fastest intrinsic firing rate

A

About 100 bpm

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34
Q

Pathway of Spontaneous rhythmicity

A

-SA node
-AV node
-AV bundle (bundle of His)
-Purkinje fibers

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35
Q

SpR: initiates contraction signal and is pacemaker cell in upper RA wall

A

SA Node

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36
Q

Sinoatrial node stimulates __,__ contraction

A

Right Atrium
Left Atrium

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37
Q

SpR: delays, relays signal to ventricles in RA wall near center of heart

A

AV node

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38
Q

Atrioventricular node relays signal to __ __ after delay

A

Atrioventricular bundle

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39
Q

AV node delay allows , to contract before ,

A

RA, LA
RV,LV

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40
Q

AV bundle relays signal to , and travels along __ __

A

RV,LV
Interventricular septum

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41
Q

AV bundle divides into … and … bundle branches

A

Right and left

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42
Q

AV bundle sends signal toward … of heart

A

Apex

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43
Q

… … sends signals into RV, LV and spreads throughout entire ventricle wall

A

Purkinje fibers

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44
Q

Terminal branches of right and left bundle branches

A

Purkinje fibers

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45
Q

Purkinje fibers stimulate …,… contraction

A

RV, LV

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46
Q

Extrinsic control that decreases force of contraction and HR below intrinsic HR

A

Parasympathetic control

47
Q

PS control:
• Intrinsic HR:
• Normal resting HR (RHR):
• Elite endurance athlete:

A

• Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min
• Normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min
• Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min

48
Q

Functions of sympathetic control (IID)

A

– Increases force of contraction
– Increases HR above intrinsic HR
– Determines HR during physical, emotional stress

49
Q

Maximum possible HR in sympathetic control

A

250bpm

50
Q

At beginning of exercise, HR ___ due to withdrawal or PNS

A

Increase

51
Q

All mechanical and electrical events that occur
during one heartbeat

A

Cardiac cycle

52
Q

TF: Diastole is twice as small as systole

A

False
Long

53
Q

1/3 of cardiac cycle time

A

Ventricular systole

54
Q

2/3 of cardiac cycle

A

Ventricular diastole

55
Q

Blood leftover in ventricle in first 1/3 of cardiac cycle

A

End-systole volume (ESV)

56
Q

At end, blood in ventricle of cardiac cycle

A

End-diastole volume (EDV)

57
Q

Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

58
Q

Equation to find stroke volume

A

EDV - ESV = SV

59
Q

% of EDV that was SV

A

Ejection fraction

60
Q

Equation for EF

A

SV/EDV = EF

61
Q

Total volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac Output Q

62
Q

Equation to find Cardiac output (Q)

A

Q = HR x SV

63
Q

Resting cardiac output

A

~4.2 to 5.6 L/min

64
Q

Vascular system: carries blood away from heart

A

Arteries

65
Q

Vascular system: control blood flow, feed capillaries

A

Arterioles

66
Q

Vascular system:site of nutrient and waste exchange

A

Capillaries

67
Q

Vascular system: collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules

68
Q

Vascular system: carries blood from venules back to heart

A

Veins

69
Q

Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls

A

Blood pressure

70
Q

– Highest pressure in artery (during systole)
– Top number, ~110 to 120 mmHg

A

Systolic pressure

71
Q

– Lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)
– Bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg

A

Diastolic pressure

72
Q

Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

A

Mean arterial pressure MAP

73
Q

Equation for MAP

A

MAP ≈ 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP

74
Q

Force that drives flow

A

Pressure

75
Q

Force that opposes flow

A

Resistance

76
Q

Flow required by all tissues

A

Blood flow

77
Q

Calculating blood flow

A

Pressure / Resistance

78
Q

Easiest way to change flow

A

Change resistance

79
Q

Diverts blood to regions most in need/changes flow

A

Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD)

80
Q

Known as resistance vessels that control systemic resistance

A

Arterioles

81
Q

Site of most potent Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation

A

Arterioles

82
Q

At rest, what is Q?

A

5L/min

83
Q

During heavy exercise, what is Q?

A

25L/min

84
Q

At rest, what receives 50% of Q and what receives 20%

A

Liver,kidneys
Skeletal muscle

85
Q

Arterioles walls can respond to __ mechanisms

A

Local control

86
Q

Ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate Arterioles that serve them

A

Intrinsic control

87
Q

Strongest stimulus for release of local VD chemicals & builds up local metabolic products

A

Metabolic mechanisms

88
Q

Substances secreted by vascular endothelium

A

Endothelial mechanisms

89
Q

Local pressure changes can cause VC,VD

A

Myogenic mechanisms

90
Q

Myogenic mechanisms:
Decrease in pressure causes:
Increase in pressure causes:

A

Vasodilation
Vasoconstriction

91
Q

Redistribution of flow by the nervous system

A

Extrinsic neural control

92
Q

What innervates smooth muscle in arteries and Arterioles

A

Sympathetic nervous system

93
Q

Increase in sympathetic activity leads to __ vasoconstriction, causes blood flow to _

A

Increase
Decrease

94
Q

Decrease in sympathetic activity leads to __ vasoconstriction, causes blood flow to _

A

Decrease
Increase

95
Q

At rest, veins contain __ blood volume

A

2/3

96
Q

TF: Venous reservoir can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries

A
97
Q

Problem of returning blood to the heart

A

Upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult

98
Q

2 mechanisms that assist venous return

A

Muscle pump
One-way venous valves

99
Q

Blood pressure is maintained by _ _

A

Autonomic reflexes

100
Q

4 functions of Baroreceptors (SAEA)

A

• Sensitive to changes in
arterial pressure
• Afferent signals from
baroreceptor to brain
• Efferent signals from brain
to heart & vessels
• Adjust HR and arterial
pressure back to normal

101
Q

3 major functions of Blood (TTB)

A

Transportation
Temperature regulation
Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism pH balance

102
Q

Blood volume of men and women

A

5-6 L in men
4-5 L in women

103
Q

55-60% of blood volume

A

Plasma

104
Q

40-45% of blood volume

A

Hematocrit

105
Q

99% of hematocrit
<1%
<1%

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

106
Q

TF: RBC has a nucleus to reproduce

A

False
No nucleus no reproduce

107
Q

RBC is replaced regularly via

A

Hematopoiesis

108
Q

Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC

A

Hemoglobin

109
Q

Hemoglobin per RBC

A

~250 million

110
Q

Molecular O2 per Hb

A

4

111
Q

Thickness of blood due to RBC

A

Blood viscosity

112
Q

TF: Blood is twice as viscous as water

A

True

113
Q

If hematocrit increases, viscosity __

A

Increases

114
Q

Plasma volume must __ as RBC _

A

Increase
Increase

Kinesiology 3800 (12 decks)

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