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Kinesiology 3800 > Ch.4 Hormonal Contrlo > Flashcards

Ch.4 Hormonal Contrlo Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system gives … communication

A

Electrical

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2
Q

Endocrine system gives … communication

A

Chemical

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3
Q

TF: Endocrine system is faster responding and shorter lasting than nervous system

A

False
Slower
Longer

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4
Q

Endocrine system maintains homeostasis via

A

Hormones

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5
Q

Hormones in the Endocrine system is secreted into…

A

Blood

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6
Q

Endocrine system consists of (3)

A

Hormones
Endocrine glands
Hormone receptors

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7
Q

TF: Endocrine system is anatomically connected

A

False
Different from other systems

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8
Q

TF: Endocrine gland is capable of secreting multiple hormones

A

True

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9
Q

TF: Hormone concentrations in plasma are high

A

False
Very low
10^-9mol/L to 10^-12mol/L

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10
Q

Endocrine system function: Constantly monitors …. environment

A

Internal

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11
Q

Endocrine system function: Coordinates integration of physiological systems during…

A

Rest and exercise

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12
Q

Endocrine system function: Maintains homeostasis during…

A

Exercise

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13
Q

2 hormone categories

A

Steroid
Nonsteroid

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14
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from …

A

Cholesterol

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15
Q

Which hormone is lipid soluble and diffuses through membranes?

A

Steroid hormones

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16
Q

Major glands that secrete steroid hormones (4)

A

– Testes (testosterone)
– Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
– Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
– Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)

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17
Q

Two groups of non-steroid hormones

A

– Protein/peptide hormones
• Most nonsteroid hormones

– Amino acid-derived hormones

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18
Q

TF: Hormones contact some body tissues

A

False
All

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19
Q

How do hormones limit effects to specific targets?

A

By using hormone-specific receptors

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20
Q

Hormones bound to receptor

A

Hormone receptor complex

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21
Q

No receptor =

A

No hormone effect

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22
Q

Location for steroid hormone receptors

A

cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell (intracellular receptor)

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23
Q

Location of nonsteroid hormone recpetors

A

Membrane of target cell (cell membrane receptor)

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24
Q

Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to … and activates …

A

DNA
Certain genes

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25
Q

Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where … synthesizes within nucleus when activated

A

mRnA

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26
Q

Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where mRNA enters … to promote ….

A

Cytoplasm
Protein synthesis

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27
Q

Steroid: Proteins within cytoplasm due to mRNA may be …(e,sp,rp)

A

– enzymes
– structural proteins
– Regulatory protein that alters enzyme function

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28
Q

Nonsteroid: Receptors on cell membrane ➡️ trigger release of intracellular…

A

Second messengers

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29
Q

Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal

A

False
Intensify

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30
Q

Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal

A

False
Intensify

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31
Q

Nonsteroid: Amino acid derived hormones (2)

A

• Thyroid (T3, T4)
• Adrenal medulla (epinephrine,
norepinephrine)

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32
Q

Nonsteroid: Common second messengers (2)

A

– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
– Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)

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33
Q

Stimulates release of hormones from
anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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34
Q

Provides ADH for release from posterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

Hormones within the Anterior pituitary gland (6) (ACTH,FSH,LH,TSH,P,GH)

A

• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Prolactin
• Growth hormone (GH)

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36
Q

APG: Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands (H)

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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37
Q

APG: Stimulates follicles(H)

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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38
Q

APG: Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen (H)

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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39
Q

APG: Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland (H)

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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40
Q

APG: directly stimulate the breast to produce milk (H)

A

Prolactin

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41
Q

APG: Stimulates growth (H)

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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42
Q

Major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation during exercise (4)

A

– Anterior pituitary gland
– Thyroid gland
– Adrenal gland
– Pancreas

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43
Q

TF: Hormones released by the Endocrine glands affect metabolism of protein
during exercise

A

False
Carbohydrates and fat

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44
Q

What are the hypothalamic hormone factors that cause APG to secrete hormones? (2) (F,E)

A

hormone factors:
– Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors.
– Exercise increases secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.

45
Q

APG: Growth hormone affects… (5) (P,B,L,P,S)

A

– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs (Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis)
– Long bone growth
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)

46
Q

TF: Growth hormone released during aerobic and resistance exercise is parallel to exercise intensity

A

False
Proportional

47
Q

APG: Thyroid gland secretes… (2)

A

triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4)

48
Q

T3 and T4 increase…(6) (Mr,Ps,Ns,Gu,rG,FFA)

A

– metabolic rate of all tissues (influences RMR)
– protein synthesis
– # & size of mitochondria
– glucose uptake by cells
– rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization

49
Q

Location of Adrenal glands

A

Above each kidney

50
Q

2 parts of adrenal gland

A

– Adrenal cortex
– Adrenal medulla

51
Q

AM: When stimulated by sympathetic NS, … are released & causes “fight or flight” response

A

Catecholamine

52
Q

Catecholamine release increases… (4) (Hr,G,L,Bf)

A

– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle

53
Q

Important hormone within adrenal cortex

A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone)

54
Q

AC: Cortisol… (4) (G,F,pc,a)

A

– ⬆️gluconeogenesis for fuel
– ⬆️FFA mobilization
– protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production, gluconeogenesis
– Acts as an anti-inflammatory, depresses anti-immune reactions.

55
Q

Location of Pancreas

A

Located behind and slightly below stomach

56
Q

2 major hormones involving Pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon

57
Q

Gland that controls plasma glucose

A

Pancreas

58
Q

During … (post-meal) the pancreas releases…

A

Hypoglycemia
Insulin

59
Q

P: Main function of insulin (h,g,g,g)

A

[Lowers blood glucose]
– counters hyperglycemia
– ⬆️glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– ⬆️glycogenesis
– inhibits gluconeogenesis

60
Q

During … the Pancreas releases…

A

Hypoglycemia
Glucagon

61
Q

P: Main function of glucagon (h,g,g,)

A

increase [blood glucose]
– counters hypoglycemia
– ⬆️glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
– ⬆️gluconeogenesis

62
Q

ROC TF: Glucose does not need to be available to tissues during exercise

A

False
Must be

63
Q

During exercise…(2G)

A

• ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen ➡️ glucose)
• ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein ➡️ glucose)

64
Q

Adequate plasma glucose during exercise requires balance between (2G)

A

– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles

65
Q

What hormones are major significance during exercise? (G,E,N,C,Gh,TT,I) ⭐️

A

– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Glucagon/Cortisol
- Growth hormone
- T3 & T4
-Insulin

66
Q

Regulation of Carbs: Hormones that ⬆️ circulating glucose (4)

A

– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Cortisol

67
Q

ROC:Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by the following: GH,T3,T4

A

– GH: ⬆️FFA mobilization, ⬇️cellular glucose uptake
– T3, T4: ⬆️glucose catabolism and fat metabolism

68
Q

ROC:As exercise intensity increases… (3) (Cr,Gr,mG)

A

– catecholamine release increases,
– glycogenolysis rate increases (liver, muscles), and
– muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen.

69
Q

Steroid hormones bind to …

A

Intracellular receptor

70
Q

Non steroid hormones bind to …

A

Cell membrane receptors

71
Q

ROC: As exercise duration increases… (Lg,Gu,G,Gl)

A

– more liver glycogen is used;
– ⬆️muscle glucose uptake ⬆️liver glucose release;
– as glycogen stores⬇️ , glucagon levels ⬆️.

72
Q

ROC: enables glucose uptake in muscle

A

Insulin

73
Q

During exercise, why do Insulin concentrations decrease?

A

Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise requires balance

74
Q

TF: During exercise, less glucose uptake is enabled into cell with less insulin

A

False
More glucose

75
Q

As glucose uptake levels increase, insulin…

A

Decrease

76
Q

ROFM: When glycogen is depleted, … … … are needed

A

Fat energy substrates

77
Q

Review: Which gland secretes multiple hormones

A

Anterior pituitary gland

78
Q

ROFM: Lipolysis is stimulated by..l (Di,E,N,C,GH)

A

– (decreased) insulin,
– epinephrine,
– norepinephrine,
– cortisol, and
– Growth hormone

79
Q

ROFM: Lipolysis is simulated via…

A

Lipase

80
Q

FE: During exercise, water shifts from plasma volume to…

A

interstitial and intracellular spaces

81
Q

Review: 5 steroid hormones

A

(testosterone)
(estrogen, progesterone)
(cortisol, aldosterone)

82
Q

Decrease in plasma volume can decrease… and increase …

A

Blood pressure
Heart strain

83
Q

FE: Glands involved in monitoring fluid levels
and electrolyte balance (3)

A

– Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
– Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
– Kidneys (not only a target organ; also a gland)
(EPO)

84
Q

FE: Posterior pituitary secretes…

A

antidiuretic hormone ADH
oxytocin

85
Q

FE,TF: ADH decreases water absorption by kidneys

A

False
Increases

86
Q

Review: Massive gland in body

A

Anterior pituitary gland

87
Q

Less water excreted in the ursine

A

Antidiuresis

88
Q

Review: Which of the following hormone binds to an intracellular receptor?

A

Cortisol (bc it is steroid hormone)

89
Q

FE: Adrenal cortex secretes…

A

Aldosterone

90
Q

FEAC: Aldosterone affects increase in … ➡️ increase in …

A

Na+ retention by kidneys

water retention via osmosis

91
Q

FE: Kidneys release … that targets bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production

A

Erythropoietin

92
Q

FE,TF: Kidneys are target tissue for ADH and aldosterone

A

True

93
Q

FE: Kidneys stimulate…(RAAM)

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

94
Q

EF: EPO functions (R,S,C)

A

– Released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys.
– Stimulates red blood cell production.
– Is critical for adapting to training, altitude

95
Q

RAAM: Kidneys sense…
⬇️
⬇️

A

Blood volume
Blood pressure

96
Q

Enzyme released by RAAM into circulation

A

Renin

97
Q

TF: In LUNGS, renin converts angiotensinogen
molecule ➡️ angiotensin I

A

False
In circulation

98
Q

TF: In the LUNGS, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I ➡️ angiotensin II

A

True

99
Q

RAAM: Angiotensin II reaches … and stimulates … release

A

Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone

100
Q

As Aldosterone increases, … … decreases

A

Plasma volume

101
Q

HR,CI: … relates hormones that affect hunger signals

A

GI tract

102
Q

CI: Gi Tract: Is stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

103
Q

CI Gi Tract: Is released in
small intestine; decreases appetite (2)

A

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)

Peptide YY (PYY)

104
Q

CI, GI Tract: Increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

105
Q

CI TF: Adipose is an endocrine organ

A

True

106
Q

CI: is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger

A

Leptin

107
Q

TF: Obese people have high ghrelin, which is why they are always hungry

A

False
High leptin, but are resistant to

108
Q

CI: Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise results in
↓ ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger

A

Acute exercises

109
Q

Does not change ghrelin response in people
who do not lose weight during exercise training

A

Chronic exercise

Kinesiology 3800 (12 decks)

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