Ch.4 Hormonal Contrlo Flashcards
Nervous system gives … communication
Electrical
Endocrine system gives … communication
Chemical
TF: Endocrine system is faster responding and shorter lasting than nervous system
False
Slower
Longer
Endocrine system maintains homeostasis via
Hormones
Hormones in the Endocrine system is secreted into…
Blood
Endocrine system consists of (3)
Hormones
Endocrine glands
Hormone receptors
TF: Endocrine system is anatomically connected
False
Different from other systems
TF: Endocrine gland is capable of secreting multiple hormones
True
TF: Hormone concentrations in plasma are high
False
Very low
10^-9mol/L to 10^-12mol/L
Endocrine system function: Constantly monitors …. environment
Internal
Endocrine system function: Coordinates integration of physiological systems during…
Rest and exercise
Endocrine system function: Maintains homeostasis during…
Exercise
2 hormone categories
Steroid
Nonsteroid
Steroid hormones are derived from …
Cholesterol
Which hormone is lipid soluble and diffuses through membranes?
Steroid hormones
Major glands that secrete steroid hormones (4)
– Testes (testosterone)
– Ovaries (estrogen, progesterone)
– Adrenal cortex (cortisol, aldosterone)
– Placenta (estrogen, progesterone)
Two groups of non-steroid hormones
– Protein/peptide hormones
• Most nonsteroid hormones
– Amino acid-derived hormones
TF: Hormones contact some body tissues
False
All
How do hormones limit effects to specific targets?
By using hormone-specific receptors
Hormones bound to receptor
Hormone receptor complex
No receptor =
No hormone effect
Location for steroid hormone receptors
cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell (intracellular receptor)
Location of nonsteroid hormone recpetors
Membrane of target cell (cell membrane receptor)
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus and binds to … and activates …
DNA
Certain genes
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where … synthesizes within nucleus when activated
mRnA
Steroid: Hormone receptor complex enters nucleus where mRNA enters … to promote ….
Cytoplasm
Protein synthesis
Steroid: Proteins within cytoplasm due to mRNA may be …(e,sp,rp)
– enzymes
– structural proteins
– Regulatory protein that alters enzyme function
Nonsteroid: Receptors on cell membrane ➡️ trigger release of intracellular…
Second messengers
Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal
False
Intensify
Nonsteroid TF: Intracellular second messengers lower strength of hormone signal
False
Intensify
Nonsteroid: Amino acid derived hormones (2)
• Thyroid (T3, T4)
• Adrenal medulla (epinephrine,
norepinephrine)
Nonsteroid: Common second messengers (2)
– Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
– Cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP)
Stimulates release of hormones from
anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Provides ADH for release from posterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Hormones within the Anterior pituitary gland (6) (ACTH,FSH,LH,TSH,P,GH)
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Luteinizing hormone (LH)
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
• Prolactin
• Growth hormone (GH)
APG: Stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands (H)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
APG: Stimulates follicles(H)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
APG: Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen (H)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
APG: Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland (H)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
APG: directly stimulate the breast to produce milk (H)
Prolactin
APG: Stimulates growth (H)
Growth hormone (GH)
Major endocrine glands responsible for metabolic regulation during exercise (4)
– Anterior pituitary gland
– Thyroid gland
– Adrenal gland
– Pancreas
TF: Hormones released by the Endocrine glands affect metabolism of protein
during exercise
False
Carbohydrates and fat
What are the hypothalamic hormone factors that cause APG to secrete hormones? (2) (F,E)
hormone factors:
– Includes both releasing factors and inhibiting factors.
– Exercise increases secretion of all anterior pituitary hormones.
APG: Growth hormone affects… (5) (P,B,L,P,S)
– Potent anabolic hormone
– Builds tissues, organs (Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis)
– Long bone growth
– Promotes muscle growth (hypertrophy)
– Stimulates fat metabolism (spares plasma glucose)
TF: Growth hormone released during aerobic and resistance exercise is parallel to exercise intensity
False
Proportional
APG: Thyroid gland secretes… (2)
triiodothyronine (T3)
and thyroxine (T4)
T3 and T4 increase…(6) (Mr,Ps,Ns,Gu,rG,FFA)
– metabolic rate of all tissues (influences RMR)
– protein synthesis
– # & size of mitochondria
– glucose uptake by cells
– rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
– FFA mobilization
Location of Adrenal glands
Above each kidney
2 parts of adrenal gland
– Adrenal cortex
– Adrenal medulla
AM: When stimulated by sympathetic NS, … are released & causes “fight or flight” response
Catecholamine
Catecholamine release increases… (4) (Hr,G,L,Bf)
– Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
– Glycogenolysis
– Lipolysis
– Blood flow to skeletal muscle
Important hormone within adrenal cortex
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
AC: Cortisol… (4) (G,F,pc,a)
– ⬆️gluconeogenesis for fuel
– ⬆️FFA mobilization
– protein catabolism for repair, enzyme production, gluconeogenesis
– Acts as an anti-inflammatory, depresses anti-immune reactions.
Location of Pancreas
Located behind and slightly below stomach
2 major hormones involving Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Gland that controls plasma glucose
Pancreas
During … (post-meal) the pancreas releases…
Hypoglycemia
Insulin
P: Main function of insulin (h,g,g,g)
[Lowers blood glucose]
– counters hyperglycemia
– ⬆️glucose transport into cells (especially muscle)
– ⬆️glycogenesis
– inhibits gluconeogenesis
During … the Pancreas releases…
Hypoglycemia
Glucagon
P: Main function of glucagon (h,g,g,)
increase [blood glucose]
– counters hypoglycemia
– ⬆️glycogenolysis (liver glycogen to glucose)
– ⬆️gluconeogenesis
ROC TF: Glucose does not need to be available to tissues during exercise
False
Must be
During exercise…(2G)
• ↑Glycogenolysis (glycogen ➡️ glucose)
• ↑Gluconeogenesis (FFA, protein ➡️ glucose)
Adequate plasma glucose during exercise requires balance between (2G)
– Glucose release by liver
– Glucose uptake by muscles
What hormones are major significance during exercise? (G,E,N,C,Gh,TT,I) ⭐️
– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Glucagon/Cortisol
- Growth hormone
- T3 & T4
-Insulin
Regulation of Carbs: Hormones that ⬆️ circulating glucose (4)
– Glucagon
– Epinephrine
– Norepinephrine
– Cortisol
ROC:Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by the following: GH,T3,T4
– GH: ⬆️FFA mobilization, ⬇️cellular glucose uptake
– T3, T4: ⬆️glucose catabolism and fat metabolism
ROC:As exercise intensity increases… (3) (Cr,Gr,mG)
– catecholamine release increases,
– glycogenolysis rate increases (liver, muscles), and
– muscle glycogen is used before liver glycogen.
Steroid hormones bind to …
Intracellular receptor
Non steroid hormones bind to …
Cell membrane receptors
ROC: As exercise duration increases… (Lg,Gu,G,Gl)
– more liver glycogen is used;
– ⬆️muscle glucose uptake ⬆️liver glucose release;
– as glycogen stores⬇️ , glucagon levels ⬆️.
ROC: enables glucose uptake in muscle
Insulin
During exercise, why do Insulin concentrations decrease?
Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise requires balance
TF: During exercise, less glucose uptake is enabled into cell with less insulin
False
More glucose
As glucose uptake levels increase, insulin…
Decrease
ROFM: When glycogen is depleted, … … … are needed
Fat energy substrates
Review: Which gland secretes multiple hormones
Anterior pituitary gland
ROFM: Lipolysis is stimulated by..l (Di,E,N,C,GH)
– (decreased) insulin,
– epinephrine,
– norepinephrine,
– cortisol, and
– Growth hormone
ROFM: Lipolysis is simulated via…
Lipase
FE: During exercise, water shifts from plasma volume to…
interstitial and intracellular spaces
Review: 5 steroid hormones
(testosterone)
(estrogen, progesterone)
(cortisol, aldosterone)
Decrease in plasma volume can decrease… and increase …
Blood pressure
Heart strain
FE: Glands involved in monitoring fluid levels
and electrolyte balance (3)
– Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
– Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
– Kidneys (not only a target organ; also a gland)
(EPO)
FE: Posterior pituitary secretes…
antidiuretic hormone ADH
oxytocin
FE,TF: ADH decreases water absorption by kidneys
False
Increases
Review: Massive gland in body
Anterior pituitary gland
Less water excreted in the ursine
Antidiuresis
Review: Which of the following hormone binds to an intracellular receptor?
Cortisol (bc it is steroid hormone)
FE: Adrenal cortex secretes…
Aldosterone
FEAC: Aldosterone affects increase in … ➡️ increase in …
Na+ retention by kidneys
water retention via osmosis
FE: Kidneys release … that targets bone marrow to stimulate red blood cell (RBC) production
Erythropoietin
FE,TF: Kidneys are target tissue for ADH and aldosterone
True
FE: Kidneys stimulate…(RAAM)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
EF: EPO functions (R,S,C)
– Released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys.
– Stimulates red blood cell production.
– Is critical for adapting to training, altitude
RAAM: Kidneys sense…
⬇️
⬇️
Blood volume
Blood pressure
Enzyme released by RAAM into circulation
Renin
TF: In LUNGS, renin converts angiotensinogen
molecule ➡️ angiotensin I
False
In circulation
TF: In the LUNGS, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I ➡️ angiotensin II
True
RAAM: Angiotensin II reaches … and stimulates … release
Adrenal cortex
Aldosterone
As Aldosterone increases, … … decreases
Plasma volume
HR,CI: … relates hormones that affect hunger signals
GI tract
CI: Gi Tract: Is stimulated when stomach is full; decreases appetite
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
CI Gi Tract: Is released in
small intestine; decreases appetite (2)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
Peptide YY (PYY)
CI, GI Tract: Increases appetite
Ghrelin
CI TF: Adipose is an endocrine organ
True
CI: is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger
Leptin
TF: Obese people have high ghrelin, which is why they are always hungry
False
High leptin, but are resistant to
CI: Moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise results in
↓ ghrelin temporarily reduces hunger
Acute exercises
Does not change ghrelin response in people
who do not lose weight during exercise training
Chronic exercise
