final exam Flashcards
In what unit is frequency measured?
hertz
What is the study of the physical structured and how they interact to produce the sounds of a language?
physiological phonetics
In the formulas F=1/T and T=1/F, what does the T and F stand for, respectively?
T- time
F-frequency
What does vibratory or oscillatory mean?
back and forth
In what unit is intensity measured?
decibels
What are the two components to velocity?
speed
direction
in the formula for wavelength, lambda stands for:
speed of sound
This is what you studied in phonetics class.
perceptual phonetics
In what unit is time measured?
seconds
The amount of time it takes to complete one cycle is also called the:
period
What is the speed of sound in feet?
1100
What is the study of the measurable acoustic or physical properties of sound and includes the study of the frequency, intensity, and duration of the sound?
acoustic phonetics
What affect does friction have on sound?
damps it
Which substance can be a medium?
solid, liquid, or gas
is the study of the “articulation and physiology of speech production, the acoustic characteristics of speech, and the processes by which the listener’s perceive speech.”
speech science
_____ is the degree or amplitude of particle displacement and its psychological correct is ________
intensity
loudness
consists of one frequency, which is pure tone, such as a whistle.
simple sound wave
_____ the rate, or number of times per second, at which a vibratory or oscillatory cycle is completed. The psychological correlate of frequency is ______
frequency
pitch
is defined as a disturbance to the particles of a medium, taking the form of vibratory or oscillatory movement.
sound
______ of elasticity refers to how much the matter can be disturbed, while the ______ of elasticity refers to the amount of resistance the matter has to movement.
degree
strength
SHM stands for
simple harmonic motion
When the pressure is high and the particles are close together, this is the _____ portion of the wave. When the pressure is low and the particles are farther apart, this the
_______ portion of the wave.
compression
refraction
What happens to the amplitude over time (use the word we talked about)? Why?
Over time, the amplitude, or the degree of displacement, decreases over time due to friction. This is called damping. This is shown by comparing the degree of displacement at points B and D versus points H and J.
How do you know if the wave is at a point of compression?
Compression is when particles are spaced closely together and when pressure is high. This occurs as the particle moves closer to the point of rest.
How do you know if the wave is at a point of rarefaction?
Rarefaction is when particles are spaced further apart and pressure is low.
Explain the particles movement (where it is, what is happening to it, and why)
In the graph at Position A, the particle is at the point of rest, then, due to force, moves toward Position B. Position B is maximum positive displacement, where velocity is at 0 and a change in direction occurs to due elasticity. At Position C, the particle passes through the point of rest, where maximum velocity occurs and minimum displacement occurs. Due to inertia, the particle continues to move past Position C in a negative direction to Position D. At Position D, maximum negative displacement occurs and velocity is at 0. Again, due to elasticity, the particle moves in the opposite direction toward Position E at the point of rest. This concludes one complete wave and this continues to occur, until friction and damping causes displacement to decrease.
Which is NOT a spectrum according to the sound source filter theory?
vocal
Which class of sounds is characterized as vowel-like and has lower frequency resonance due to larger total resonating cavity?
nasals
Where is F2 created?
From the level of arch of the tongue to the lips (arch of the tongue).
Which class of sounds is characterized by its sudden onset and short duration due to its transient nature and it may or may not be followed by aspiration?
plosives
The /æ/ sound is
periodic
On a spectrogram, what do the vertical striations (or tiny lines) represent?
voicing
Which class of sounds is characterized by a sudden onset and is followed by sound produced at the point of constriction (this class is a combination of two others)?
affricates
What is the vocal tract?
quarter wave resonator
What is the lowest frequency sound actually coming from the vocal folds, and what are the higher frequencies coming from the vocal folds in the complex sound?
VFF
harmonics
Which class of sounds is characterized by a gradual onset and a longer duration and is known for their sonorant properties?
fricatives
Which vowel is dependent on the third formant for differentiation?
/ɝ/
Who is the acoustic vowel quadrilateral normed for?
men
The /d/ sound is
quasiperiodic
The /s/ sound is
aperiodic
On a spectrogram, what is identified on the horizontal axis?
time
If you advance the tongue towards the front of the oral cavity, which formant increases?
F2
Lip rounding _____ the vocal tract.
lengthens
_____ are vowels that have movement from the position of one vowel to another. They are ____ elements.
diphthongs
transitional elements
If a sound is voiced, then the vocal folds are _______
vibrating
Voiced sounds have a _______ component.
periodic
Voiceless sounds must have an _____ component.
aperiodic
_________ is the rate or number of times per second at which a vibratory cycle is completed. It is measured in _______
and its psychological component is _________
frequency (vocal fundamental frequency)
hertz
pitch
_______ is the degree or amplitude of particle displacement. It is measured in _____
and its psychological correlate is ______
intensity
decibels
loudness
If the child’s vocal tract measures 11 cm, what would be the child’s fundamental frequency? What are the frequencies of the first three harmonics? Show each part of your process.
11 x 4 = 44 - wavelength
F= speed of sound/wavelength
F=34,000 cm^2 / 44 =
VFF (F0) =770 Hz
F1: 1770 Hz
F2: 2770 Hz
F3: 3770 Hz
Periodic consonants
ŋ t
n ʔ
m l
k r
hw w
p j
Aperiodic consonants
ʃ h
θ s
tʃ f
quasiperiodic
d g
ð b
dʒ v
ʒ z
At what point in the instrumentation process would you expect to find a transducer?
detection
What part of the tape recorder allows the information coming from the tape to be amplified?
preamplifier
Which type of transducer changes acoustic energy into electrical energy?
microphone
Which type of transducer changes acoustic energy into electrical energy?
record head
All of our current analyzing devices are _____________________?
electronic
Which type of transducer detects the electrophysiological potentials in skin or muscles and results in an electrical signal?
electrodes
At what point in the instrumentation process would you expect to find a method for selecting a specific part of the overall signal to analyze and may come in the form of filtering?
modification
At what point in the instrumentation process would you expect to find a way to analyze the signal via instrumentation or human analysis?
data analysis
What part of the tape recorder amplifies the electrical signal to the level needed to re-amplified it so it could be recorded?
preamplifier
What part of the tape recorder amplifies the electrical signal to the level needed to re-amplified it so it could be recorded?
oxide
What consideration should you take that involves using phonetically balanced words and phrases?
standard recording material
Which head of the tape recorder erases the magnetic patterns on the tape so that a new signal can be recorded?
erase head
Which part of the Visi-Pitch is also used with clients who are dysfluent?
delayed auditory feedback
What part of the tape recorder changes acoustic energy into an electrical signal?
microphone
Which instrument contains software and hardware that can capture, edit, store, and analyze a signal and has analysis features, such as the LPC Frequency Response, FFT Power Spectrum, Spectrogram, and LPC Formant History?
CSL
The ________________ the tape is going, the _______________ the quality of your recording.
faster
higher
What consideration should you take that involves tape speed and the number of input channels?
recording procedures
Which instrument contains different games and charting software that fall into the categories of awareness, skill building, and patterning?
speech viewer
What nasalance score would you expect for the “nasal sentences” passage?
60%
Which instrument has 33 vocal parameters that can be measured and is able to chart these?
multidimensional voice profile
Which head of the tape recorder is an electromagnet which imprints the pattern to be recorded on the tape?
record head
What consideration should you take that involves listening for background noise?
playback procedures
Which instrument contains six programs that include pitch and energy trace, pitch and energy games, sibilant/vowel training, and delayed auditory feedback?
Visi-Pitch
What nasalance score would you expect for the “Zoo” passage?
15%
Which instrument measures both oral and nasal airflow separately and calculates a ratio between these two measures?
nasometer
involves adjusting a machine to perform within its normal guidelines.
calibration
Mechanical devices that serve as transducers are also found frequently in devices used for
AAC
_______ pitch is the modal fundamental frequency or the fundamental frequency used most often by a speaker. It is determined by narrowing range and prolonging vowel.
habitual
On a cassette tape, we store analog signals, whereas on a CD, _____ signals are stored.
representation (1 and 0)
Which instrument uses a face mask:
nasometer
When using the Nasometer, two microphones measure airflow from the oral and nasal cavities. This airflow is then computed and a ______ is obtained. This ratio is called the _________ score and is a measure of how much nasality there is in speech.
ratio
nasalance
is a type of transducer and includes blood pressure cuffs or any instrument that would be placed around the chest to measure respiration.
pressure detecting device
Has awareness, skill building and patterning software
speech viewer
Allows you to record a signal without a computer.
tape recorder
Records how much nasality is in a speech sample.
nasometer
Is a research tool and allows manipulation of a signal.
CSL
Has 6 modules, displays VFF and is useful in treatment.
Visi-Pitch
