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Speech and Hearing Science > exam 2 study guide > Flashcards

exam 2 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Frequency

A

-number of times vibration occurs per second
-Hz or cps

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2
Q

Intensity

A

-degree or amplitude of particle displacement
-dB

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3
Q

Time

A

-time in which a cycle is complete
-seconds

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4
Q

Wavelength

A

-distance a wave travels in one cycle

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5
Q

Vocal Fundamental Frequency

A

-rate of vibration of vocal folds/ rate that they open and close

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6
Q

Wave composition of periodic sounds

A

-vibration occurs at a set rate and repeats

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7
Q

Wave composition of aperiodic sounds

A

-vibration does not have a repeated pattern; sound is a result of forcing air through constriction

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8
Q

Frequency characteristics of aperiodic sounds are affected by

A

Frequency is determined by:
-size and shape of opening
-texture of articulatory surfaces
-place of obstruction

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9
Q

Resonance

A

selective amplification and dampening of frequencies

results from reflection and concentration of sound waves in a cavity

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10
Q

Natural Resonating Frequency

A

frequencies close to NRF are amplified and those far away are damped

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11
Q

Harmonic analysis

A

complex periodic sound waves can be broken into sinusoids or simple sound waves (pure tone)

overall energy is not changed, just redistributed over different frequencies

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12
Q

Measurement of acoustic parameters
frequency

A

musical scale

made of octave, tones, and semitones

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13
Q

Orchestral standard scale

A

A4= 440
C0=16.35 Hz

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14
Q

Octave, Tones, Semitones

A

Octave is broken down into 6 tones

Tone is broken down into 12 semitones

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15
Q

Logarithmic scale with base of 2

A

ratio of one octave to the next is always two

100-200
500-1000

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16
Q

Formula of Number of Octaves
N(O)

A

N(O)=3.32*Log 10 of F1/F2

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17
Q

Formula for Number of tones
N(t)

A

N(t)=6octaves
N(t)=19.92Log 10 of F1/F2

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18
Q

Formula for number of semitones
N(st)

A

N(st)=12octaves
N(st)=39.84Log10 of F1/F2

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19
Q

Formula for Frequency Level of Octaves
FL(O)

A

FL(O)=3.32*Log10 of F/16.35

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20
Q

Formula for Frequency Level of Tones

A

FL(t)=19.92*Log10 of F/16.35

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21
Q

Formula for Frequency Level of Semitones

A

FL(st)=39.84*Log10 of F/16.35

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22
Q

Measurement of acoustic parameters- intensity

A

standard scale: Sound Pressure Level
.0002 dynes/cm^2 because it is the lowest that humans can hear

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23
Q

Bel

A

original unit of measurement

had logarithmic scale with base of 10 (1 Bel = a sound 10x greater)

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24
Q

Decibel

A

1/10th of a Bel

provides a definite scale

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25
Q

Formula for Numbers of Bels using Power

A

N(Bel)= Log10 of P1/P2

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26
Q

Formula for Number of Bels using Pressure

A

N(Bel)= 2Log10 of Pr1/Pr2

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27
Q

Formula for Number of Decibels

A

N(dB)=20*Log10 of Pr1/Pr2

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28
Q

Formula for Sound Pressure Level

A

SPL(dB)=20*Log10 of Pr/.0002 dynes/cm^2

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29
Q

power

A

amount of work completed
measure of electrical power

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30
Q

Pressure

A

rate at which work is completed

replaced power because instruments began to use pressure

2 is constant because pressure is proportionate to the square root of power

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31
Q

Intonation

A

prosody or suprasegmental aspects of language

sentence types, and emotion, physical/mental state, and personal characteristics can be conveyed

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32
Q

Habitual pitch

A

fundamental frequency used most of the time

determined by narrowing range and prolonging vowel

33
Q

Natural pitch

A

fundamental frequency most efficient for speaker

from 1/3 or 1/4 the bottom of the pitch range with falsetto (1/3 without falsetto)

34
Q

Optimal pitch

A

fundamental frequency best for the individual

ideally same as natural pitch

35
Q

Falsetto pitch

A

one octave above the habitual pitch

created by holding cartilaginous portion of the vocal folds tightly together, reducing vibrating length by approximately one half

36
Q

Vocal tract characteristics

A

-air filled tube closed on one end

-sequence of container that act as filters by passing the frequencies that fall within their bandwidth and deamplifying those out of their frequency

-tract is a variable resonator whose frequency response changes depending on shape

37
Q

Quarter wave resonator

A

vocal tract

air filled tube that is closed on one end

38
Q

VFF range of infants

A

500 Hz to 2000 Hz

39
Q

VfF range of 7-8 year olds

A

280-300 Hz

same for males and females

40
Q

VFF for adult and elderly men

A

120-140 Hz

elderly-140 Hz

41
Q

VFF of adult and elderly women

A

200-300 Hz

elderly- 200 Hz

42
Q

Jitter

A

vocal harshness
(Variation if VFF)

43
Q

Shimmer

A

variation in vocal amplitude

44
Q

How to find wavelength

A

Multiply length of vocal tract by 4

45
Q

Harmonics

A

sections of vocal tract pass frequencies that fall in their range and amplify those out of the range

resonant frequencies are odd number multiples of the lowest resonating frequency

46
Q

Formula with harmonics

A

F=speed of sound/wavelength

speed of sound- 34,000 cm^2

47
Q

Sound source filter theory

A

formalized manner in which vocal tracts filters glottal sound

describes by sound travels out of the mouth and into environment

48
Q

radiation characteristic

A

effect of the mouth acting as a high pass filter when coupled to the environment

effect of sound traveling out of vocal tract and into environment

49
Q

3 elements involved in production of speech are represented by spectrums

A
  1. source function
  2. transfer function
  3. output function
50
Q

source function

A

glottal spectrum

shows sound as it exists at the level of the glottis before it is modified by vocal tract

F(0)- greatest amplitude with higher harmonics being damped at rate of 12 dB per octave

acoustic energy represented by to 5000 Hz

51
Q

transfer function

A

does not represent sound but indicates resonance curve which demonstrates the male vocal tract producing schwa with resonance frequencies at 500 Hz, 1500Hz, and 2500 Hz

52
Q

output function

A

demonstrates sound as it leaves the lips

glottal sound after it has been filtered by vocal tract

same F(0) and harmonics as glottal sound, but some have been amplified and others attenuated

53
Q

What makes up a vowel

A

VFF (F0) and Harmonics (F1, F2, F3)

54
Q

corners of the vowel quad

A

/i/ /æ/ /u/ /a/

55
Q

3 Resonating cavities

A
  1. pharyngeal cavity: vocal cords do not shape
  2. nasal cavity: does not move and cannot change shape
  3. oral cavity: can change vocal tract (lips, jaw, and tongue)
56
Q

Formants

A

regions of high energy and frequency

57
Q

F1 corresponds to

A

tongue height

F1 increases as tongue height decreases

58
Q

F2 corresponds to

A

tongue advancement

anterior v posterior

more anterior= F2 increases

59
Q

Dipthongs

A

movement from one position to another

/ɑɪ/
/ɑU/
/ɔɪ/
/ju/

60
Q

Where are formants created

A

F1- vocal folds
F2-lips
F3-tongue retroflexed

61
Q

Two types of consonants

A

voiced consonants
voiceless consonants

62
Q

voiced consonants

A

sounds produced by vocal folds

periodic component

63
Q

voiceless consonants

A

sounds produced by forcing air through constriction or point of articulation

aperiodic component

64
Q

consonants with both voiced and voiceless characteristics

A

quasiperiodic- most voiced consonants are

65
Q

acoustics of the manner of production

A

acoustics of consonants are affected by manner of production and change as manner changes

66
Q

Types of consonants

A

plosives
fricatives
affricates
nasals
glides

67
Q

axis of the spectrogram

A

time
frequency

68
Q

darkness of the spectrogram

A

high amplitide

69
Q

Vowels

A

3 formants are important

mostly first two -
1- VFF or F(0)

70
Q

Glides

A

semi vowel and sonorants; very quick

vowel-like but short in duration
defined by transitional elements

y, w,

all periodic

71
Q

Liquids

A

very quick

l, r

semi vowels produced with relatively prominent sonority and with some degree of lateral emission of air

72
Q

Four features of stops

A

-“silent gap” that occurs when there is no flow of air out of vocal tract
-noise burst at moment of release
-speech with which acoustic signal attains max intensity
-change in the first formant frequency that occurs as the vocal tract changes shape after release of initial syllable

73
Q

plosives

A

sudden onset and short duration; followed by aspiration

aperiodic or quasi-periodic

p, b, t, k, d, g,

74
Q

How fricatives are produced?

A

gradual onset and longer duration

V-Q
VS-A

f, s, z, v, th

75
Q

How affricates are produced?

A

sound onset followed by sound produced at point of constriction

aperiodic or quasi-periodic

ch , j

76
Q

Nasal formant/murmur

A

produced with open velopharyngeal system port

77
Q

Antiresonants

A

filter effect of the vocal tract characterized by loss of acoustic energy in particular frequency region

occurs with nasal sounds becuase they are relatively weak

78
Q

murmur

A

acoustic result of adding nasal branches to vocal tract (larger, longer resonator=lower frequency)

200-300 Hz range in males

79
Q

Why do nasals have little intensity?

A

due to low frequency resonance due to the larger total resonating cavity

(adding nasal cavity to vocal tract by lowering velum)

Speech and Hearing Science (8 decks)

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