exam 4 study guide Flashcards
what is spectrography?
method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration
how do you see time on a spectrogram?
horizontal axis
how do you see frequency on a spectrogram?
vertical axis
how do you see intensity on a spectrogram?
darkness of trace
what does an aperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?
no repeating pattern
no voice bar
no formants
“simply fill”
what does a periodic sound look like on a spectrogram?
has repeating pattern of vibration
has voice bar and formants
what does an quasiperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?
has vibration of vocal folds
has voice bar and formants, but not clear striations
how does a vowel look when graphed?
first three formants appear as dark horizontal lines
wide band
characteristics of diphthong
vowels that change resonance characteristics during production
produced by uttering 2 vowels as 1 unit
vocal tract filters function midstream, shifting from beginning to end
how does a diphthong look when graphed?
steady state
formant
steady state
characteristics of glides
“semi vowels” or sonorants - always voiced
airflow not completely smooth or turbulent
very quick tongue motion=changed formants
how does a glide look when graphed?
more rapid than diphthongs and do not show steady state portion
very short & looks like formant transition between two sounds
lasts 75 milliseconds
characteristics of /w/ and /j/
/w/- rounded lips lengthen vocal tract and reduced frequency for all formants
/w/ and /j/ - F1 begins low and raises to F1 of following sound- F2 and F3 shift toward value of following sound
characteristics of liquids
sonorants- always voiced
not made by changing tongue motion
how do liquids look when graphed?
more steady portion than glides
characteristics of nasals
produced by lowering velum, allowing sound to resonate in nasal cavity
have nasal formant/nasal murmur
antiresonances are…
extremely weak intensity formants because nasal cavity is absorbent= sound damped
damped sound due to length the sound travels from the larynx to nasal cavity
formants and anti formants of nasals
make nasals more complicated
formants: high intensity
anti formants: follow formant with weaker energy
(frequencies depend on how widely open velopharyngeal port is)
nasal murmur
created by blocking oral cavity (either at lips, alveolar ridge, or velum) and lowering velum
characteristics of stops
voiced/voiceless
constricted vocal tract; air is forced through glottis
what are the four features of stops?
-silent gap
-release burst
-formant transitions
-voice onset time (VOT)
silent gap of stops
time that articulators are forming blockage and oral pressure is building up
for voiced sounds: voice bar
release burst of stops
burst of aperiodic sound following silent gap and extends into high frequency
are voiced or voiceless stop bursts longer?
voiceless are longer because of aspiration
voiceless stops are stronger
formant transitions of stops
voiceless sounds have no real formant structure
articulators moving from the stop’s point of constriction to the vocal tract position
(more open position) of the following sound
lasts 50 milliseconds
F1 of stops
very low due to complete constriction that stops start with
transitions/rises to frequency of next vowel/consonant
F2 of stops
related to length of oral cavity
reflects movement of tongue/lips in backward/forward direction
F2 starting value bilabial stops
600-800 Hz
F2 starting point for alveolar stops
1800 Hz
F2 starting points for velar stops
when followed by a front vowel- 2300-3000 Hz
when followed by a back vowel- 1300 Hz
Voice Onset Time
time between release of articulatory blockage and beginning of voicing of following sound
increases as it moves backwards (depends on place of artic.)
VOT is measured in initial stops and falls in 4 categories:
- negative
- simultaneous
- positive with short lag
- voiceless stops with long lag
negative VOT occurs when
vocal folds were vibrating before articulatory response begins
not common in english
“pre-voicing VOT lead” sometimes occurs in voiceless sounds
simultaneous voicing occurs when
voicing and articulatory release occur at the same time
VOT = 0
positive VOT with short lag occurs when
onset of vocal folds occurs shortly after release burst
long lag VOT occurs when
vocal fold vibration is delayed
voiced: -20 - 20 milliseconds
voiceless: 25-100 milliseconds
vowels before voiced stops are _____ then vowels before voiceless stops
longer
fricative characteristics
produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in randomized variation in air pressure
frictation sounds produced= hissing sound
how does a fricative look when graphed?
wide band of energy distributed over broad range of frequencies because energy is much longer (fricatives are continuous)
anterior fricative characteristics
low intensity spectrum spread over broad range of frequencies
posterior fricative characteristics
larger cavity and lower frequency when place of articulation is further back
have voice bar and periodic energy imposed on turbulent air, so they are a combination of periodic and aperiodic sound
anterior vs posterior fricatives
posterior (stridents) have higher frequency than anterior (nonstridents)
frequencies of anterior fricatives
/f/=4500-7000
voiceless “th” = 5000 hz
affricates characteristics
have stop portion and fricative portion
have silent gap if stop portion is voiced, but not noticed in connected speech
fricative portion follows silent gap
how do affricates look when graphed?
similar to fricatives but shorter
