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Speech and Hearing Science > exam 4 study guide > Flashcards

exam 4 study guide Flashcards

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1
Q

what is spectrography?

A

method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration

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2
Q

how do you see time on a spectrogram?

A

horizontal axis

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3
Q

how do you see frequency on a spectrogram?

A

vertical axis

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4
Q

how do you see intensity on a spectrogram?

A

darkness of trace

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5
Q

what does an aperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

A

no repeating pattern
no voice bar
no formants

“simply fill”

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6
Q

what does a periodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

A

has repeating pattern of vibration
has voice bar and formants

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7
Q

what does an quasiperiodic sound look like on a spectrogram?

A

has vibration of vocal folds
has voice bar and formants, but not clear striations

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8
Q

how does a vowel look when graphed?

A

first three formants appear as dark horizontal lines

wide band

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9
Q

characteristics of diphthong

A

vowels that change resonance characteristics during production

produced by uttering 2 vowels as 1 unit

vocal tract filters function midstream, shifting from beginning to end

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10
Q

how does a diphthong look when graphed?

A

steady state
formant
steady state

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10
Q

characteristics of glides

A

“semi vowels” or sonorants - always voiced

airflow not completely smooth or turbulent

very quick tongue motion=changed formants

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11
Q

how does a glide look when graphed?

A

more rapid than diphthongs and do not show steady state portion

very short & looks like formant transition between two sounds

lasts 75 milliseconds

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12
Q

characteristics of /w/ and /j/

A

/w/- rounded lips lengthen vocal tract and reduced frequency for all formants

/w/ and /j/ - F1 begins low and raises to F1 of following sound- F2 and F3 shift toward value of following sound

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13
Q

characteristics of liquids

A

sonorants- always voiced

not made by changing tongue motion

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14
Q

how do liquids look when graphed?

A

more steady portion than glides

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15
Q

characteristics of nasals

A

produced by lowering velum, allowing sound to resonate in nasal cavity

have nasal formant/nasal murmur

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16
Q

antiresonances are…

A

extremely weak intensity formants because nasal cavity is absorbent= sound damped

damped sound due to length the sound travels from the larynx to nasal cavity

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17
Q

formants and anti formants of nasals

A

make nasals more complicated

formants: high intensity
anti formants: follow formant with weaker energy

(frequencies depend on how widely open velopharyngeal port is)

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18
Q

nasal murmur

A

created by blocking oral cavity (either at lips, alveolar ridge, or velum) and lowering velum

19
Q

characteristics of stops

A

voiced/voiceless

constricted vocal tract; air is forced through glottis

20
Q

what are the four features of stops?

A

-silent gap
-release burst
-formant transitions
-voice onset time (VOT)

21
Q

silent gap of stops

A

time that articulators are forming blockage and oral pressure is building up

for voiced sounds: voice bar

22
Q

release burst of stops

A

burst of aperiodic sound following silent gap and extends into high frequency

23
Q

are voiced or voiceless stop bursts longer?

A

voiceless are longer because of aspiration

voiceless stops are stronger

24
Q

formant transitions of stops

A

voiceless sounds have no real formant structure

articulators moving from the stop’s point of constriction to the vocal tract position
(more open position) of the following sound

lasts 50 milliseconds

25
Q

F1 of stops

A

very low due to complete constriction that stops start with

transitions/rises to frequency of next vowel/consonant

26
Q

F2 of stops

A

related to length of oral cavity

reflects movement of tongue/lips in backward/forward direction

27
Q

F2 starting value bilabial stops

A

600-800 Hz

28
Q

F2 starting point for alveolar stops

A

1800 Hz

29
Q

F2 starting points for velar stops

A

when followed by a front vowel- 2300-3000 Hz

when followed by a back vowel- 1300 Hz

30
Q

Voice Onset Time

A

time between release of articulatory blockage and beginning of voicing of following sound

increases as it moves backwards (depends on place of artic.)

31
Q

VOT is measured in initial stops and falls in 4 categories:

A
  1. negative
  2. simultaneous
  3. positive with short lag
  4. voiceless stops with long lag
32
Q

negative VOT occurs when

A

vocal folds were vibrating before articulatory response begins

not common in english

“pre-voicing VOT lead” sometimes occurs in voiceless sounds

33
Q

simultaneous voicing occurs when

A

voicing and articulatory release occur at the same time

VOT = 0

34
Q

positive VOT with short lag occurs when

A

onset of vocal folds occurs shortly after release burst

35
Q

long lag VOT occurs when

A

vocal fold vibration is delayed

voiced: -20 - 20 milliseconds
voiceless: 25-100 milliseconds

36
Q

vowels before voiced stops are _____ then vowels before voiceless stops

A

longer

37
Q

fricative characteristics

A

produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent, resulting in randomized variation in air pressure

frictation sounds produced= hissing sound

38
Q

how does a fricative look when graphed?

A

wide band of energy distributed over broad range of frequencies because energy is much longer (fricatives are continuous)

39
Q

anterior fricative characteristics

A

low intensity spectrum spread over broad range of frequencies

40
Q

posterior fricative characteristics

A

larger cavity and lower frequency when place of articulation is further back

have voice bar and periodic energy imposed on turbulent air, so they are a combination of periodic and aperiodic sound

41
Q

anterior vs posterior fricatives

A

posterior (stridents) have higher frequency than anterior (nonstridents)

42
Q

frequencies of anterior fricatives

A

/f/=4500-7000
voiceless “th” = 5000 hz

43
Q

affricates characteristics

A

have stop portion and fricative portion

have silent gap if stop portion is voiced, but not noticed in connected speech

fricative portion follows silent gap

44
Q

how do affricates look when graphed?

A

similar to fricatives but shorter

Speech and Hearing Science (8 decks)

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