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Speech and Hearing Science > exam 4 > Flashcards

exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

spectrography

A

method of identifying frequency, amplitude, and duration

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2
Q

axis of a spectrogram

A

vertical: frequency
horizontal: time
darkness: intensity

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3
Q

former uses for spectrogram

A

used by universities and labs

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4
Q

current uses for spectrogram

A

diagnosis/treatment in hospitals, university clinics, and rehab centers

CSL - allows speech to be acquired, analyzed, and displayed

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5
Q

types of sounds

A

voiced
voiceless
quasiperiodic

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6
Q

voiced sounds

A

-periodic sounds
-have repeating pattern of vibration
-have harmonics
-on spectrograph: voice bar, vertical striations, formants

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7
Q

voiceless sounds

A

-aperiodic sounds
-no repeating pattern or vibration
(sound made by air forced through constriction)
-no voice bar or vertical striations on spectrograph

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8
Q

quasiperiodic sounds

A

-have vibration of vocal folds and harmonics
-on spectrograph: voice bar, but no vertical striations

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9
Q

vowels on a spectrograph

A

characterized by first three formants- high levels of acoustic energy
(dark horizontal lines)

band is wide because harmonics are amplified near vocal tract formant

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10
Q

diphthongs on a spectrograph

A

steady state formant
transition
steady state formant

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11
Q

diphthongs

A

vowels that change resonance characteristics during production (2 vowels as 1 unit)

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12
Q

glides on spectrograph

A

do not show steady state due to being more rapid than diphthongs

extremely short and looks like formant transition between two sounds

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13
Q

liquids on spectrograph

A

characterized by more steady state formants- not made by changing tongue placement

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14
Q

characteristics of /w/ and /j/

A

/w/: lips rounded = lengthens the vocal tract & reduces frequency for all 3 formants

/w/ and /j/: F1 beings low and raises to F1 of following sound
F2 and F3 shift toward values of following sound

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15
Q

characteristics of /r/

A

retroflexed-lowers F3 bringing it closer to F2

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16
Q

characteristics of /l/

A

formants
360 Hz, 1300 Hz, 2700 Hz

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17
Q

characteristics of nasals

A

formants- intense
antiformants- weaker/damped energy

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18
Q

nasal mumur

A

produced by blocking off oral cavity momentarily (at lip, alveolar ridge, or velum) and lowering velum

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19
Q

nasal formants characteristics (intensity and frequency)

A

high intensity, low frequency

20
Q

characteristics of stops

A

silent gap
release burst
formant transitions
voice onset time (VOT)

21
Q

silent gap of stops

A

time in which articulators are forming blockage and oral pressure builds

voiceless stops- cannot be seen
voiced stops- band of low frequency

22
Q

release burst of stops

A

burst of aperiodic sound following the silent gap and extends into high frequency

line is short because release of stop is transient 10-30 ms

23
Q

voiceless stop bursts

A

longer because of aspiration (noise generated by turbulence as air moves through glottis when vocal folds are starting to close

STRONGER THAN VOICED

24
Q

voiced stop bursts

A

do not show aspiration noice because vocal folds are already closing and vibrating

25
Q

formant transitions

A

articulators move from point of constriction to more open position of the following sound

lasts 50 ms

26
Q

slope of transition depends on:

A

place of articulation for the stop
vocal position of following sound

27
Q

F1 formant of stop

A

vocal tract is constricted - complete closure because stops start with tight closure

F1 is always rising if the stop is followed by a vowel; if the stop is proceeded by a vowel, the formant transition falls to 0

28
Q

F2 formant of stops

A

related to length of oral cavity and reflects movement of lip/tongue in backward/forward direction

29
Q

F2 transition starting points

A

stops: 600/800 Hz
alveolars: 1800 Hz
velar back vowel: 1300 Hz
velar front vowel: 2300-3000 Hz

30
Q

VOT of stops

A

time release between release of articulatory blockage and beginning of voicing the following sound

depends of place of articulation

not as important in signaling voicing distinction in the final position as initial position

31
Q

4 categories of VOT

A

negative
simultaneous
positive with short lag
voiceless stops with long lag

32
Q

negative VOT

A

vocal folds were vibrating before articulatory release begins

prevoicing VOT lead- occurs in voiced stops

not common in english

33
Q

simultaneous VOT

A

voicing and articulatory release occur at the same time
(VOT- 0)

34
Q

positive with short lag VOT

A

onset of vocal fold occurs shortly after release burst

35
Q

voiceless stops with long lag VOT

A

vocal fold vibration is delayed

voiced stops: -20 - 20 ms VOT
voiceless stops: 25 -100 ms VOT

36
Q

VOT depends on:

A

place of articulation

increases as it moves backward in oral cavity

bilabial (shortest) — alveolar (intermediate) —- velar (longest)

37
Q

vowels are _____ before voiced and _______ before voiceless

A

longer before voiced

shorter before voiceless

38
Q

fricatives

A

produced when pressurized air becomes turbulent resulting in randomized variations in air pressure

39
Q

fricatives of spectrograph

A

wide band of energy distributed over broad range of frequencies due to energy being much longer (fricatives are continuous)

have voice bar and periodic energy imposed on turbulent noise=combination of period and aperiodic sound

40
Q

range of frequencies and intensity of friction depends on

A

place of articulation- airflow comes against obstacle that increases amplitude of noice produced at point of constriction

41
Q

white noise

A

period with fairly distributed energy

42
Q

fricative noise is resonated most strongly:

A

in front cavity (area in front of location of narrow channel-constriction)

43
Q

anterior frictatives

A

/f/ /v/ and voiced/voiceless “th”
nonstridents

low intensity spectrum spread over broad range of frequencies

44
Q

posterior fricatives

A

/z/ /s/ “zh” and “sh”
stridents

have larger cavity and lower frequency the further back it is

have higher frequency than anterior fricatives

45
Q

affricates

A

combination of stops and fricatives

have acoustic element of both

46
Q

characteristics of affricates

A

have a silent gap for stop portion if voices, but not heard in connective speech

fricative portion follows silent gap

47
Q

fricatives vs affricates on spectrograph

A

they look similar, but affricates are shorter in duration

Speech and Hearing Science (8 decks)

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