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Speech and Hearing Science > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

speech science

A

study of articulation and physiology of speech production, the acoustic characteristics of speech and the process by which listeners perceive speech

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2
Q

perceptual phonetics

A

study of characteristics of sounds of a language to discriminate the sounds from one another

primarily focused on the IPA

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3
Q

physiological phonetcis

A

study of physical structures how they interact to produce the sounds of a language

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4
Q

acoustics

A

study of sound

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5
Q

acoustics phonetics

A

study of the measurable acoustic or physical properties of sound

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6
Q

sound

A

disturbance of the particles of a medium taking the form of vibratory or oscillatory movement

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7
Q

disturbance

A

movement of the particles of a medium by any means

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8
Q

medium

A

defined as any substance or environment through which a force can be transmitted such as gas, solid, or liquid

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9
Q

vibratory

A

oscillatory
means back or forth movement

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10
Q

properties a medium that are necessary for sound to be transmitted

A

inertia
elasticity

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11
Q

inertia

A

if at rest, stay at rest
if in motion, stay in motion

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12
Q

elasticity

A

when disturbed to resume its original shape, size, and state

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13
Q

degree of elasticity

A

how much the matter can be disturbed

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14
Q

strength of elasticity

A

amount of resistance the matter has to movement

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15
Q

simple harmonic motion
(SHM)

A

air particle must be set into motion (vibration) by force

particles change velocity

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16
Q

velocity

A

defined as speech in a certain direction

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17
Q

maximum displacement

A

point of greatest distance from the position of rest

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18
Q

maximum acceleration

A

picking up speed moving in the opposite direction

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19
Q

maximum velocity

A

crosses point of rest

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20
Q

dampening

A

reduction of motion due to friction and the points of maximum displacement grow closer together

reduces the amplitude or distance from the position of rest

21
Q

amplitude

A

degree of displacement by force

22
Q

sequence of events that occurs in particle movement

A
  1. particle is displaced outward in positive direction
  2. particle reached maximum positive displacement and elasticity pulls particle back toward initial point of rest
  3. particle passes through point of rest because of inertia and continues in the opposite direction until overcome by elasticity

cycle continues until friction causes loss of energy and particle returns to position of rest

23
Q

waveform

A

amplitude by time graph that shows particle movement

24
Q

sine curve/sine wave

A

mapping of one particle overtime

25
Q

general principles of wave movement

A
  1. sound moves outward from source
  2. sound moves in all directions, not in a straight line
  3. sound intensity decreases over distance due to friction
  4. occurs in compression and rarefaction phases
26
Q

maximum displacement

A

minimum speed or 0 velocity
maximum acceleration

27
Q

minimum displacement

A

maximum speed or velocity

28
Q

diplacement

A

increases as particle moves away from the position of rest (0 line)

decreases as particle moves toward point of rest (0 line)

29
Q

velocity

A

consists of speed and direction, but speed has nothing to do with direction

speed increases when moving through an undisturbed state

direction: positive position is above the line; negative position is below the line

30
Q

pressure

A

high pressure: compression
low pressure: rarefaction

moving toward point of rest- pressure increases
moving away from point of rest- pressure decreases

31
Q

physics of sound

A

relationship between air particle movement and wave movement

32
Q

relationship between displacement and pressure

A

0°-90° : displacement hight/pressure high
90°-180° : displacement low/pressure high
180°-270° : displacement high/pressure low
270°-360° : displacement low/pressure low

33
Q

direct relationship

A

when one element increases, the other increases

rarefaction in D&V
compression in V&P

34
Q

indirect/inverse relationship

A

when one element increases, the other decreases

compression in D&V
rarefaction in V&P

35
Q

relationship between velocity and displacement

A

always inverse/indirect

when one increases, the other decreases (vice versa)

36
Q

relationship between velocity and pressure

A

0°-90° : low velocity/high pressure
90°-180° : high velocity/high pressure
180°-270° : low velocity/low pressure
270°-360° : high velocity/low pressure

37
Q

frequencies important for speech

A

250-8,000 Hz

38
Q

simple sounds wave

A

one frequency (pure tone)
has back and forth motion

39
Q

complex sound wave

A

more than one frequency and consists of speech sound

40
Q

frequency

A

Hz per second

number of times per second that a vibratory cycle is completed

41
Q

pitch

A

psychological correlate to frequency

42
Q

intensity

A

dB

degree of particle displacement

43
Q

loudness

A

psychological correlate to intensity

44
Q

time

A

“period of the wave”

seconds/milliseconds

time in which a cycle is completed

45
Q

wave length

A

distance a wave travels during one complete cycle

inversely related to frequency (lower the frequency, longer the wave length)

46
Q

calculating time and frequency

A

F=1/T and T=1/F

47
Q

calculating wave length and frequency

A

F=1100/lambda or lambda=1100/F

48
Q

speed of sound per second

A

1100

49
Q

calculating wavelength and time

A

T=lambda/1100 and lambda=T*1100

Speech and Hearing Science (8 decks)

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