chapter 1 Flashcards
speech science
study of articulation and physiology of speech production, the acoustic characteristics of speech and the process by which listeners perceive speech
perceptual phonetics
study of characteristics of sounds of a language to discriminate the sounds from one another
primarily focused on the IPA
physiological phonetcis
study of physical structures how they interact to produce the sounds of a language
acoustics
study of sound
acoustics phonetics
study of the measurable acoustic or physical properties of sound
sound
disturbance of the particles of a medium taking the form of vibratory or oscillatory movement
disturbance
movement of the particles of a medium by any means
medium
defined as any substance or environment through which a force can be transmitted such as gas, solid, or liquid
vibratory
oscillatory
means back or forth movement
properties a medium that are necessary for sound to be transmitted
inertia
elasticity
inertia
if at rest, stay at rest
if in motion, stay in motion
elasticity
when disturbed to resume its original shape, size, and state
degree of elasticity
how much the matter can be disturbed
strength of elasticity
amount of resistance the matter has to movement
simple harmonic motion
(SHM)
air particle must be set into motion (vibration) by force
particles change velocity
velocity
defined as speech in a certain direction
maximum displacement
point of greatest distance from the position of rest
maximum acceleration
picking up speed moving in the opposite direction
maximum velocity
crosses point of rest
dampening
reduction of motion due to friction and the points of maximum displacement grow closer together
reduces the amplitude or distance from the position of rest
amplitude
degree of displacement by force
sequence of events that occurs in particle movement
- particle is displaced outward in positive direction
- particle reached maximum positive displacement and elasticity pulls particle back toward initial point of rest
- particle passes through point of rest because of inertia and continues in the opposite direction until overcome by elasticity
cycle continues until friction causes loss of energy and particle returns to position of rest
waveform
amplitude by time graph that shows particle movement
sine curve/sine wave
mapping of one particle overtime
general principles of wave movement
- sound moves outward from source
- sound moves in all directions, not in a straight line
- sound intensity decreases over distance due to friction
- occurs in compression and rarefaction phases
maximum displacement
minimum speed or 0 velocity
maximum acceleration
minimum displacement
maximum speed or velocity
diplacement
increases as particle moves away from the position of rest (0 line)
decreases as particle moves toward point of rest (0 line)
velocity
consists of speed and direction, but speed has nothing to do with direction
speed increases when moving through an undisturbed state
direction: positive position is above the line; negative position is below the line
pressure
high pressure: compression
low pressure: rarefaction
moving toward point of rest- pressure increases
moving away from point of rest- pressure decreases
physics of sound
relationship between air particle movement and wave movement
relationship between displacement and pressure
0°-90° : displacement hight/pressure high
90°-180° : displacement low/pressure high
180°-270° : displacement high/pressure low
270°-360° : displacement low/pressure low
direct relationship
when one element increases, the other increases
rarefaction in D&V
compression in V&P
indirect/inverse relationship
when one element increases, the other decreases
compression in D&V
rarefaction in V&P
relationship between velocity and displacement
always inverse/indirect
when one increases, the other decreases (vice versa)
relationship between velocity and pressure
0°-90° : low velocity/high pressure
90°-180° : high velocity/high pressure
180°-270° : low velocity/low pressure
270°-360° : high velocity/low pressure
frequencies important for speech
250-8,000 Hz
simple sounds wave
one frequency (pure tone)
has back and forth motion
complex sound wave
more than one frequency and consists of speech sound
frequency
Hz per second
number of times per second that a vibratory cycle is completed
pitch
psychological correlate to frequency
intensity
dB
degree of particle displacement
loudness
psychological correlate to intensity
time
“period of the wave”
seconds/milliseconds
time in which a cycle is completed
wave length
distance a wave travels during one complete cycle
inversely related to frequency (lower the frequency, longer the wave length)
calculating time and frequency
F=1/T and T=1/F
calculating wave length and frequency
F=1100/lambda or lambda=1100/F
speed of sound per second
1100
calculating wavelength and time
T=lambda/1100 and lambda=T*1100
