FINAL Flashcards by Charles Amoateng

Aerobic Glucose:
Aerobic Glycogen:

32
33

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Anaerobic glucose:
Anaerobic glycogen:

2
3

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Pyruvate is converted into

Lactate

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For each Ach that enters Krebs cycle, the product yields __ NADH, ___ FADH2, ___ ATP.

3 , 1, 1

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In hemoglobin, ___ binds to ____.

O2 ; iron

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The GI releases ___ for hunger.

Gherkin

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T/F: Independent variable for a research study is the factor that is controlled by the study design

True

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Blood pooling can be prevented by activation of ______.

Muscle pump

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Compared to untrained inviduals, trained endurance athletes have a higher maximal _______.

Stroke volume

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During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because _____ venous O2 content _____ the PO2 gradient.

Lower ; Increases

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If PO2 of the conditions is high, a large change in PO2…

A small change in hemoglobin saturation

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If blood pressure is relatively low, will it have an effect on stroke volume?

Yes, b/c left ventricle pumps against less resistance

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If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, it is because what?

Excess CO2 needs to be blown off

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Membrane potential changes from -___ to -___ for depolarization.

60 to -35

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Strength increases in older populations, is primarily due to

Neural adaptations

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A capillary bed across an exercising muscle has a _____ difference compared to a resting scale.

Greater

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50 Meter Sprint is a ____ system activity

ATP-PCR

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The decision to voluntarily move a body part comes from the ____ motor cortex

Primary

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The primary purpose of NADH is….

Water retention

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process of excitation of motor nerve

Excitation contraction coupling

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The sympathetic nervous system would contribute to increased _____.

Heart rate

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When circulation norepinephrine and epinephrine lead to increased stroke volumes due to _____ cardiac contractility.

Increased

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Which ion transport is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?

Na+ K pump

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What is the correct order of events of muscle contraction?

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What is considered to be a normal hematocrit reading?

40%

RER at rest is ___ or ____.

0.79 ; 0.80

Bohr effect is important because what?

Ability to unload more oxygen

Who addressed issues superficially regarding female athletes?

Barbara Drinkwater

What combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?

What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolic pathway?

PFK

Non steroid hormones use __________ as intracellular chemicals to help bring about their intended feats

Second messengers

T3 & T4 are responsible for all of the following except _________.

Inhibiting protein synthesis

Which protein covers the myosin binding site prevent in contraction from happening at rest?

Tropomyosin

If clients EDV = 110 ml, ESV = 40ml, heart rate = 60bpm; What is the cardiac output (q) in l/min

Stroke volume: EDV - ESV Q: SV x HR

Cardiac muscle found only in the _____.

Heart

Epimysium surrounds ____.

Muscle

Endomysium surrounds _______.

Muscle fiber

A bands of the sarcomere are ____ and ____.

Think and thick

A normal resting heart rate is determined by ________ and _______.

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

At rest, the ______ and ______ receive about ____ cardiac output.

Livers ; kidneys ; 50%

Resting cardiac output is approximately ____ L/min, while cardiac output during exercise can increase up to ___ L/min.

5 - 25

For most individuals, stroke volume starts to plateau at approximately 50% ____.

VO2max

_____ are the vessels primarily responsible for controlling vascular resistance.

Arterioles

If dehydration causes hematocit to rise to 60%, what is the consequence?

Diminished exercise capacity due to higher viscosity

When sympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted in exercising muscle, it is referred to as ______.

Sympatholysis

The volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation cannot be exhaled is ____.

Residual volume

Lung volume capacities and flow rates are measured using a technique called _____.

Spirometry

When the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise, what is the result?

O2 unloading becomes at the muscles

Gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries occurs at the _____.

Respiratory membrane

If PO2 in the blood entering the alveoli is 40 mmHg and the PO2 of the alveoli is 105 mmHg, then oxygen will diffuse from ____ and _____.

Alveoli and blood

When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin, this molecule is called _____.

Carbaminohoemoglobin

Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to what skeletal muscle?

Type 1

If a cross-country runner can no longer improve her VO2 max her performance can still continue to improve training due to increase in her

Lactate threshold

Anaerobic training in 30s bout increases all but which of the following enzymes?

Citrate synthesis

Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training ?

Increased resting and submaximal heart rate.

Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training ?

Left ventricle due to hypertrophy

After aerobic trining, RER ___.

Decreases

The acronym EAMC is ______.

Exercise associated muscle cramps

Plasma volume increases during the first two weeks of aerobic training because plasma protein synthesis ______.

Increases

The net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glycogen is ____ ATP.

The resting membrane potential in cells of the nervous system is about ___mV.

-70

According to ________, at a given constant temperature, pressure, and volume are inversely proportional to each other.

Boyles Law

The mechanism that underlies preload’s effect on stroke volume is _______

Frank starling mechanism

The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata of the brain, which establish the rate and depth of breathing via signals to ______ muscles

Respiratory

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively known as ________ which are released by the ________ gland.

Catecholamines ; adrenal medulla

_________ help conduct the action potential from one heart cell to the next heart cell.

Intercalated discs

The “pacemaker” cells of the heart are located in the ____ of the heart.

SA Node

The _______ test is the closest to the gold standard to measure anaerobic power.

Wingate anaerobic

When marathons runners “hit the wall” around mile 20, _____ depletion is the most likely explanation for the sudden onset of fatigue.

Glycogen

Which of the looking can result from a reduction in plasma volume?

Decreased blood pressure and increased cardiovascular strain

4 important predictors of a successful endurance athlete. (VLtEeMft)

1. VO2max 2. Lactate threshold 3. Economy of effort 4. Muscle fiber type