FINAL Flashcards
Aerobic Glucose:
Aerobic Glycogen:
32
33
Anaerobic glucose:
Anaerobic glycogen:
2
3
Pyruvate is converted into
Lactate
For each Ach that enters Krebs cycle, the product yields __ NADH, ___ FADH2, ___ ATP.
3 , 1, 1
In hemoglobin, ___ binds to ____.
O2 ; iron
The GI releases ___ for hunger.
Gherkin
T/F: Independent variable for a research study is the factor that is controlled by the study design
True
Blood pooling can be prevented by activation of ______.
Muscle pump
Compared to untrained inviduals, trained endurance athletes have a higher maximal _______.
Stroke volume
During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because _____ venous O2 content _____ the PO2 gradient.
Lower ; Increases
If PO2 of the conditions is high, a large change in PO2…
A small change in hemoglobin saturation
If blood pressure is relatively low, will it have an effect on stroke volume?
Yes, b/c left ventricle pumps against less resistance
If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, it is because what?
Excess CO2 needs to be blown off
Membrane potential changes from -___ to -___ for depolarization.
60 to -35
Strength increases in older populations, is primarily due to
Neural adaptations
A capillary bed across an exercising muscle has a _____ difference compared to a resting scale.
Greater
50 Meter Sprint is a ____ system activity
ATP-PCR
The decision to voluntarily move a body part comes from the ____ motor cortex
Primary
The primary purpose of NADH is….
Water retention
process of excitation of motor nerve
Excitation contraction coupling
The sympathetic nervous system would contribute to increased _____.
Heart rate
When circulation norepinephrine and epinephrine lead to increased stroke volumes due to _____ cardiac contractility.
Increased
Which ion transport is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?
Na+ K pump
What is the correct order of events of muscle contraction?
What is considered to be a normal hematocrit reading?
40%
RER at rest is ___ or ____.
0.79 ; 0.80
Bohr effect is important because what?
Ability to unload more oxygen
Who addressed issues superficially regarding female athletes?
Barbara Drinkwater
What combines with H+ and electrons at the end of the electron transport chain?
O2
What is the rate limiting enzyme for glycolic pathway?
PFK
Non steroid hormones use __________ as intracellular chemicals to help bring about their intended feats
Second messengers
T3 & T4 are responsible for all of the following except _________.
Inhibiting protein synthesis
Which protein covers the myosin binding site prevent in contraction from happening at rest?
Tropomyosin
If clients EDV = 110 ml, ESV = 40ml, heart rate = 60bpm;
What is the cardiac output (q) in l/min
Stroke volume: EDV - ESV
Q: SV x HR
Cardiac muscle found only in the _____.
Heart
Epimysium surrounds ____.
Muscle
Endomysium surrounds _______.
Muscle fiber
A bands of the sarcomere are ____ and ____.
Think and thick
A normal resting heart rate is determined by ________ and _______.
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
At rest, the ______ and ______ receive about ____ cardiac output.
Livers ; kidneys ; 50%
Resting cardiac output is approximately ____ L/min, while cardiac output during exercise can increase up to ___ L/min.
5 - 25
For most individuals, stroke volume starts to plateau at approximately 50% ____.
VO2max
_____ are the vessels primarily responsible for controlling vascular resistance.
Arterioles
If dehydration causes hematocit to rise to 60%, what is the consequence?
Diminished exercise capacity due to higher viscosity
When sympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted in exercising muscle, it is referred to as ______.
Sympatholysis
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after exhalation cannot be exhaled is ____.
Residual volume
Lung volume capacities and flow rates are measured using a technique called _____.
Spirometry
When the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise, what is the result?
O2 unloading becomes at the muscles
Gas exchange between the alveoli and capillaries occurs at the _____.
Respiratory membrane
If PO2 in the blood entering the alveoli is 40 mmHg and the PO2 of the alveoli is 105 mmHg, then oxygen will diffuse from ____ and _____.
Alveoli and blood
When carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin, this molecule is called _____.
Carbaminohoemoglobin
Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to what skeletal muscle?
Type 1
If a cross-country runner can no longer improve her VO2 max her performance can still continue to improve training due to increase in her
Lactate threshold
Anaerobic training in 30s bout increases all but which of the following enzymes?
Citrate synthesis
Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training ?
Increased resting and submaximal heart rate.
Which of the following is not a mechanism of increased stroke volume after endurance training ?
Left ventricle due to hypertrophy
After aerobic trining, RER ___.
Decreases
The acronym EAMC is ______.
Exercise associated muscle cramps
Plasma volume increases during the first two weeks of aerobic training because plasma protein synthesis ______.
Increases
The net ATP yield from aerobic metabolism of one glycogen is ____ ATP.
39
The resting membrane potential in cells of the nervous system is about ___mV.
-70
According to ________, at a given constant temperature, pressure, and volume are inversely proportional to each other.
Boyles Law
The mechanism that underlies preload’s effect on stroke volume is _______
Frank starling mechanism
The respiratory centers are located in the medulla oblongata of the brain, which establish the rate and depth of breathing via signals to ______ muscles
Respiratory
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are collectively known as ________ which are released by the ________ gland.
Catecholamines ; adrenal medulla
_________ help conduct the action potential from one
heart cell to the next heart cell.
Intercalated discs
The “pacemaker” cells of the heart are located in the ____ of the heart.
SA Node
The _______ test is the closest to the gold standard to measure anaerobic power.
Wingate anaerobic
When marathons runners “hit the wall” around mile 20, _____ depletion is the most likely explanation for the sudden onset of fatigue.
Glycogen
Which of the looking can result from a reduction in plasma volume?
Decreased blood pressure and increased cardiovascular strain
4 important predictors of a successful endurance athlete. (VLtEeMft)
- VO2max
- Lactate threshold
- Economy of effort
- Muscle fiber type
