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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 7 Revised > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Revised Flashcards

1
Q

Three major circulatory elements

A

Heart, Blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

Heart generates ____ to drive blood through vessels

A

Pressure

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3
Q

T/F: Blood flow must meet metabolic demands.

A

True

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4
Q

Cardiovascular System Major Functions

A

Delivers O2 and Nutrients
Removes CO2 and other waste
Transports hormones and other molecules
Temperature balance and fluid regulation
Acid-base balance
Immune function

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5
Q

Right side of heart: _____ circulation

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

Superior and inferior vena cavae ——>

A

RA —> tricuspid valve —> RV —> pulmonary valve —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs

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7
Q

Left side of heart: ____ circulation

A

Systemic

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8
Q

Lungs —>

A

Pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta

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9
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

4 LV characteristics

A

Must pump blood
Thickest walls
LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
But exercise adaptations vs disease adaptations very different

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11
Q

Right coronary artery supplies ___ side of heart

Left (main) coronary artery supplies ___ side of heart

A

Right
Left

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12
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

Which muscle type is being described?

  • large, long, unbranched, multinucleated
  • intermittent, voluntary contractions
  • Ca2+ released from SR
A

Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Which muscle type is being described?

  • Small, short, branched, one nucleus
  • Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
  • Calcium-induced calcium release
A

Myocardial cells

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15
Q

Rank the steps of calcium induced calcium release

  • DHP receptors in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  • AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  • Extracellular Ca+2 to enter cell, but insufficient to cause contraction
  • Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors
A

AP, DHP, Extracellular, Instead

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16
Q

Myocardial cells fiber type is most similar to type ___ of skeletal muscle.

A

I

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17
Q

Cardiac muscles fibers connected by regions called _______.

A

Intercalated discs

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18
Q

Holds cells together

A

Desmosomes

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19
Q

Rapidly conduct action potentials

A

Gap junctions

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle has the unique ability to generate its own electrical signal called

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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21
Q

Electrical impulse:
Right atrium —> _______.

A

Throughout the entire heart

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22
Q

Starting point: ________

A

Sinoatrial Node

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23
Q

Special cardiac cells generate and spread electrical signal

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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24
Q

Initiates contraction signal

A

SA node

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25
Delays/relays signal to ventricles
AV node
26
relays signal to RV,LV
AV bundle (bundle of his)
27
Send signal into RV,LV
Purkinje fibers
28
Divides into right and left bundle branches
AV bundle
29
-Decreases force of contraction - Decreases HR below intrinsic HR - Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min - Normal Resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min - Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min
Parasympathetic
30
- Increases force of contraction - Increases HR above intrinsic HR - Determines HR during physical, emotional stress - Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
Sympathetic
31
All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat
Cardiac cycle
32
T/F: Diastole is twice as long as systole
True
33
1/3 of cardiac cycle time
Ventricular systole
34
2/3 of cardiac cycle time
ventricular diastole
35
Blood leftover in ventricle =
End-systolic volume
36
At end, blood in ventricle =
End diastolic volume
37
Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat
Stroke volume
38
% of EDV that was SV
Ejection fraction
39
Normal ejection fraction for healthy, active young adult at rest
60%
40
Heart Failure: ___%
40
41
Total volume of blood pumped per minute
Cardiac Output
42
Carry blood away from heart
Arteries
43
Control blood flow, feed capillaries
Arterioles
44
Site of nutrient and waste exchange
Capillaries
45
Collect blood from capillaries
Venules
46
Carry blood from venules back to heart
Veins
47
Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls
Blood Pressure
48
Highest pressure in artery
Systolic pressure
49
Lowest pressure in artery
Diastolic pressure
50
Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle
Mean arterial pressure
51
MAP = 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP
Ok
52
Required by all tissues
Blood flow
53
Blood flow =
Change in pressure / resistance
54
Force that drives flow
Pressure
55
Force that opposes flow
Resistance
56
Diverts blood to regions most in need
Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD)
57
Also known as resistance vessels
Arterioles
58
Site of most potent VC and VD
Arterioles
59
Liver, kidneys receive ___ of Q
50%
60
Exercise muscles receive ___% of Q
80
61
Arteriole walls can respond to _____ mechanisms
Local control
62
Ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them
Intrinsic control
63
Three types of intrinsic control
Metabolic mechanisms (VD) Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD) Myogenic mechanism (VC, VD)
64
Redistribution of flow by the nervous system
Extrinsic neural control
65
___________ innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles
Sympathetic nervous system
66
Increased sympathetic activity leads to
Increase VC of area
67
Decrease sympathetic activity leads to
Decrease VC ; passive VD
68
At rest, veins contains ___ blood volume
2/3
69
______ can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries
Venous reservoir
70
T/F: Upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult
True
71
2 mechanisms that assist venous return
Muscle pump & one-way venous valve
72
Blood pressure maintained by
Autonomic reflexes
73
Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure & adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal
Baroreceptors
74
3 major functions of blood
1. Transportation 2. temp regulation 3. Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism
75
Whole blood =
Plasma + formed elements
76
55-60% of blood volume
Plasma
77
40-45% of blood volume
hematocrit
78
Erythrocytes
99%
79
No nucleus, cannot reproduce
RBC’s
80
RBC’s replaced regularly via
Hematopoiesis
81
Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC
Hemoglobin
82
T/F: 250 million hemoglobin per RBC
True
83
Thickness of blood due to red blood cells
Blood viscosity
84
T/F: Water has greater viscosity than blood
False
85
T/F: Plasma volume must increase as red blood cells increase
True
86
3 Cardiac Responses
Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac output
87
2 Vascular Responses
Blood Pressure, Blood flow
88
- point of plateau - Optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity - If intensity increases, so does steady-state HR - Adjustment to new intensity takes 2 to 3 min
Steady state HR
89
What controls SV?
Preload, Contractility, and Afterload
90
End diastolic volume
Preload
91
The more the ventricles are stretched, the more forceful the contraction.
Frank-Starling Mechanism
92
SV ___ as the ventricular EDV increases
Increases
93
- Sympathetic nerve activity - Circulating catecholamines - The amount of free Caclium in the cytosol
Cardiac contractility
94
T/F: SV increases as the cardiac contractility increases
True
95
The aortic blood pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood
Afterload
96
O2 consumption of a tissues depends on blood flow to the tissue and the the amount of O2 extracted by that tissue
The Fick Equation
97
Potentially dangerous but accompanies certain types of exercise
Valsalva maneuver
98
T/F: Low presssure collapse great veins —> decrease in venous return —> decrease in cardiac output —> decrease in arterial blood pressure
False; High pressure
99
_____ shunts blood away from less-active regions - kidneys - splanchinic circulation (liver, pancreas, GI)
Sympathetic vasoconstriction
100
Permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle
Local vasodilation
101
As temperature rises, skin __ also occurs
VD
102
Associated with increase core temperature and dehydration
Cardiovascular drift
103
HR drifts increase to compensate (__ maintained)
Q
104
During heavy exercise what is the cardiac output for the digestive system?
3-5%

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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