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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 7 Revised > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Revised Flashcards

1
Q

Three major circulatory elements

A

Heart, Blood vessels, blood

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2
Q

Heart generates ____ to drive blood through vessels

A

Pressure

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3
Q

T/F: Blood flow must meet metabolic demands.

A

True

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4
Q

Cardiovascular System Major Functions

A

Delivers O2 and Nutrients
Removes CO2 and other waste
Transports hormones and other molecules
Temperature balance and fluid regulation
Acid-base balance
Immune function

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5
Q

Right side of heart: _____ circulation

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

Superior and inferior vena cavae ——>

A

RA —> tricuspid valve —> RV —> pulmonary valve —> pulmonary arteries —> lungs

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7
Q

Left side of heart: ____ circulation

A

Systemic

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8
Q

Lungs —>

A

Pulmonary veins, LA, mitral valve, LV, aortic valve, aorta

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9
Q

What is myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

4 LV characteristics

A

Must pump blood
Thickest walls
LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
But exercise adaptations vs disease adaptations very different

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11
Q

Right coronary artery supplies ___ side of heart

Left (main) coronary artery supplies ___ side of heart

A

Right
Left

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12
Q

Coronary artery disease

A

Atherosclerosis

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13
Q

Which muscle type is being described?

  • large, long, unbranched, multinucleated
  • intermittent, voluntary contractions
  • Ca2+ released from SR
A

Skeletal muscle

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14
Q

Which muscle type is being described?

  • Small, short, branched, one nucleus
  • Continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
  • Calcium-induced calcium release
A

Myocardial cells

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15
Q

Rank the steps of calcium induced calcium release

  • DHP receptors in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  • AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  • Extracellular Ca+2 to enter cell, but insufficient to cause contraction
  • Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors
A

AP, DHP, Extracellular, Instead

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16
Q

Myocardial cells fiber type is most similar to type ___ of skeletal muscle.

A

I

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17
Q

Cardiac muscles fibers connected by regions called _______.

A

Intercalated discs

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18
Q

Holds cells together

A

Desmosomes

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19
Q

Rapidly conduct action potentials

A

Gap junctions

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20
Q

Cardiac muscle has the unique ability to generate its own electrical signal called

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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21
Q

Electrical impulse:
Right atrium —> _______.

A

Throughout the entire heart

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22
Q

Starting point: ________

A

Sinoatrial Node

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23
Q

Special cardiac cells generate and spread electrical signal

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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24
Q

Initiates contraction signal

A

SA node

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25
Q

Delays/relays signal to ventricles

A

AV node

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26
Q

relays signal to RV,LV

A

AV bundle (bundle of his)

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27
Q

Send signal into RV,LV

A

Purkinje fibers

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28
Q

Divides into right and left bundle branches

A

AV bundle

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29
Q

-Decreases force of contraction
- Decreases HR below intrinsic HR
- Intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min
- Normal Resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min
- Elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min

A

Parasympathetic

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30
Q
  • Increases force of contraction
  • Increases HR above intrinsic HR
  • Determines HR during physical, emotional stress
  • Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
A

Sympathetic

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31
Q

All mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat

A

Cardiac cycle

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32
Q

T/F: Diastole is twice as long as systole

A

True

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33
Q

1/3 of cardiac cycle time

A

Ventricular systole

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34
Q

2/3 of cardiac cycle time

A

ventricular diastole

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35
Q

Blood leftover in ventricle =

A

End-systolic volume

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36
Q

At end, blood in ventricle =

A

End diastolic volume

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37
Q

Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

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38
Q

% of EDV that was SV

A

Ejection fraction

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39
Q

Normal ejection fraction for healthy, active young adult at rest

A

60%

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40
Q

Heart Failure: ___%

A

40

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41
Q

Total volume of blood pumped per minute

A

Cardiac Output

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42
Q

Carry blood away from heart

A

Arteries

43
Q

Control blood flow, feed capillaries

A

Arterioles

44
Q

Site of nutrient and waste exchange

A

Capillaries

45
Q

Collect blood from capillaries

A

Venules

46
Q

Carry blood from venules back to heart

A

Veins

47
Q

Pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls

A

Blood Pressure

48
Q

Highest pressure in artery

A

Systolic pressure

49
Q

Lowest pressure in artery

A

Diastolic pressure

50
Q

Average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

A

Mean arterial pressure

51
Q

MAP = 2/3 DPB + 1/3 SBP

A

Ok

52
Q

Required by all tissues

A

Blood flow

53
Q

Blood flow =

A

Change in pressure / resistance

54
Q

Force that drives flow

A

Pressure

55
Q

Force that opposes flow

A

Resistance

56
Q

Diverts blood to regions most in need

A

Vasoconstriction (VC) or vasodilation (VD)

57
Q

Also known as resistance vessels

A

Arterioles

58
Q

Site of most potent VC and VD

A

Arterioles

59
Q

Liver, kidneys receive ___ of Q

A

50%

60
Q

Exercise muscles receive ___% of Q

A

80

61
Q

Arteriole walls can respond to _____ mechanisms

A

Local control

62
Q

Ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them

A

Intrinsic control

63
Q

Three types of intrinsic control

A

Metabolic mechanisms (VD)
Endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD)
Myogenic mechanism (VC, VD)

64
Q

Redistribution of flow by the nervous system

A

Extrinsic neural control

65
Q

___________ innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles

A

Sympathetic nervous system

66
Q

Increased sympathetic activity leads to

A

Increase VC of area

67
Q

Decrease sympathetic activity leads to

A

Decrease VC ; passive VD

68
Q

At rest, veins contains ___ blood volume

A

2/3

69
Q

______ can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries

A

Venous reservoir

70
Q

T/F: Upright posture makes venous return to heart more difficult

A

True

71
Q

2 mechanisms that assist venous return

A

Muscle pump & one-way venous valve

72
Q

Blood pressure maintained by

A

Autonomic reflexes

73
Q

Sensitive to changes in arterial pressure & adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal

A

Baroreceptors

74
Q

3 major functions of blood

A
  1. Transportation
  2. temp regulation
  3. Buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism
75
Q

Whole blood =

A

Plasma + formed elements

76
Q

55-60% of blood volume

A

Plasma

77
Q

40-45% of blood volume

A

hematocrit

78
Q

Erythrocytes

A

99%

79
Q

No nucleus, cannot reproduce

A

RBC’s

80
Q

RBC’s replaced regularly via

A

Hematopoiesis

81
Q

Oxygen-transporting protein in RBC

A

Hemoglobin

82
Q

T/F: 250 million hemoglobin per RBC

A

True

83
Q

Thickness of blood due to red blood cells

A

Blood viscosity

84
Q

T/F: Water has greater viscosity than blood

A

False

85
Q

T/F: Plasma volume must increase as red blood cells increase

A

True

86
Q

3 Cardiac Responses

A

Heart Rate, Stroke Volume, Cardiac output

87
Q

2 Vascular Responses

A

Blood Pressure, Blood flow

88
Q
  • point of plateau
  • Optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity
  • If intensity increases, so does steady-state HR
  • Adjustment to new intensity takes 2 to 3 min
A

Steady state HR

89
Q

What controls SV?

A

Preload, Contractility, and Afterload

90
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Preload

91
Q

The more the ventricles are stretched, the more forceful the contraction.

A

Frank-Starling Mechanism

92
Q

SV ___ as the ventricular EDV increases

A

Increases

93
Q
  • Sympathetic nerve activity
  • Circulating catecholamines
  • The amount of free Caclium in the cytosol
A

Cardiac contractility

94
Q

T/F: SV increases as the cardiac contractility increases

A

True

95
Q

The aortic blood pressure that the heart must overcome to eject blood

A

Afterload

96
Q

O2 consumption of a tissues depends on blood flow to the tissue and the the amount of O2 extracted by that tissue

A

The Fick Equation

97
Q

Potentially dangerous but accompanies certain types of exercise

A

Valsalva maneuver

98
Q

T/F: Low presssure collapse great veins —> decrease in venous return —> decrease in cardiac output —> decrease in arterial blood pressure

A

False; High pressure

99
Q

_____ shunts blood away from less-active regions
- kidneys
- splanchinic circulation (liver, pancreas, GI)

A

Sympathetic vasoconstriction

100
Q

Permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle

A

Local vasodilation

101
Q

As temperature rises, skin __ also occurs

A

VD

102
Q

Associated with increase core temperature and dehydration

A

Cardiovascular drift

103
Q

HR drifts increase to compensate (__ maintained)

A

Q

104
Q

During heavy exercise what is the cardiac output for the digestive system?

A

3-5%

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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