Chapter 2 Flashcards by Charles Amoateng

More than ____ half of all ____ marathon runners report having “hit the wall” during a marathon regardless of how hard they trained.

Half ; nonelite

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“Hitting the wall” usually occurs around mile ____ to ____.

20 ; 22

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What is the main cause of “hitting the wall”?

Running out of glycogen.

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Why does “hitting the wall” occur around mile 20?

Most runners store 2,000 - 2,200 cals of glycogen and last for about 20 miles

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What are the 3 micronutrients?

Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein

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What are fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP)?

Energy substrates

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What is the process of converting substrates into energy?

Bioenergetics

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Bioenergetics occurs where?

Cellular level

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What are chemical reactions in the body?

Metabolism

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What are the two types of metabolism?

Catabolic (break down)
Anabolic (build up)

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Energy released from a biological reaction can be calculated from _____ produced.

Heat

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1000 ___ = 1 ___ = 1 ___ (dietary)

cal; kcal; Cal

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What device measures calories?

Bomb calorimeter

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Carbohydrate, fat, and protein can be broken down into what elements?

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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What is the main element for fat?

Nitrogen

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What is the energy from chemical bond in food stored in high-energy compound?

ATP

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All carbohydrates are converted to

Glucose

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Carbohydrate is the primary ATP substrate for _____ & _____.

Muscles ; brain

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Extra glucose is stored as _____.

Glycogen;

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Where is extra glucose (glycogen) stored?

Liver & muscles

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Glycogen converts back to glucose when needed to make more ____.

ATP

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What is the glycogen storage limit?

2,500 kcal

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What are 4 examples of carbohydrate?

Bread
Cereals
Pasta
Rice
Potatoes
Beans
Chestnuts

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Glucose has how many carbons?

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What is a efficient substrate with sufficient storage?

Fat

Fat is a substrate for _____.

Prolonged, less intense exercise

Fat has a _____ net ATP yield but _____ ATP production.

High ; slow

Fat must be broken down from ______ to ______ & glycerol.

Triglyceride ; Free fatty acids

Only _____ are used to make ATP.

FFA’s

What is the energy substrate during starvation?

Protein

Protein must be converted into what?

Glucose

What does the term “gluconeogenesis” mean?

New creation of glucose

Protein can also convert into FFA’s using which process?

Lipogenesis

The Rate of Energy Production relies on what 2 factors?

1. Availability of the primary substrate 2. Enzyme activity

What are enzymes?

Protein molecules

Enzymes tend to end with what suffix?

-are

What do enzymes regarding substrates?

Facilitate breakdown of substrates

Enzymes do what for a chemical reaction?

Lower activation energy

Each step in a biochemical pathway requires what?

Specific enzyme

The greater the enzyme/enzyme activity =

Greater product

Rate-limiting enzyme is influenced by what?

Negative feedback

ATP is stored in ____ amounts until needed.

Small

T/F: Body must constantly synthesize new ATP.

True

What are the three ATP synthesis pathways?

1. ATP-PCr 2. Glycolysis 3. Oxidative system

Which of the three ATP synthesis pathways requires oxygen?

Oxidative system

What is the simplest energy system?

ATP-PCr System

What is the ATP yield of the ATP-PCr system?

1 mol ATP

What is the duration of the ATP-PCr System?

3-15s

PCr breakdown catalyzed by what?

What is the ATP yield of the Glycolytic System?

2 mol: glucose 3 mol: glycogen

What is the duration of the glycolytic system?

15s to 2 min

2 pyruvate molecules move into what?

Mitochondria matrix

2 Net ATP usually stays in ____ to be used by the cell.

Cytoplasm

2 NADH is a high energy compound that moves in to ______.

Electron transport chain

What is the rate limiting enzyme for the glycolytic system?

Phosphofructokinase

The glycolytic system is also regulated by ______.

Products of Krebs cycle

What is the energy system that is aerobic?

oxidative system

During the oxidative system, 1 glucose yields how many ATP?

32 to 33 ATP

During the oxidative system, 1 FFA yields how many ATP?

>100

What is the duration of the oxidative system?

Steady supply for hours

What is the most complex energy system?

Oxidative

Why is the oxidative system the most complex?

ATP production Duration

Where does the oxidative system occur?

Mitochondria

What are the 3 stages of oxidation of a carbohydrate?

1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle 3. Electron Transport Chain

How many steps does the Kreb cycle have?

T/F: Glycolysis can occur with or without O2

True

T/F: ATP yield for Glycolysis with O2 is not the same as anaerobic glycolysis.

False

Glycolysis of 1 glucose gives how many NADH?

2 NADH

1 molecule glucose = ____ acetyl-CoA

1 molecule glucose = ____ complete Krebs cycles

1 molecule glucose = _____ ATP yield

Double

What happens when there are too many H+ in a cell?

Becomes too acidic

What regulates the Krebs Cycle?

Negative feedback

Isocitrate dehyrogenase is a _________

Rate limiting enzyme

What is always the first step of Krebs cycle?

Acetyl-CoA

1 pyruvate yields:

1 NADH

1 acetyl-CoA yields:

1 ATP 3 NADH 1 FADH2

1 glucose splits into ____ pyruvates.

2 pyruvate yields

2 NADH

2 acetyl-CoA yields

2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

What two molecules aid in making more energy during in the Electron Transport Chain?

NADH & FADH2

NADH and FADH2 molecules carry what?

H+ and electrons to ETC

What is a group of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Electron Transport Chain

At the end of the ETC, H+ and electrons combine with _____.

What powers ATP Synthase?

Hydrogen gradient

1 NADH = ______ ATP

2.5

1 FADH2 = _______ ATP

1.5

What is the final electron acceptor?

Oxygen

1 glucose oxidized yields ______ ATP

1 glycogen oxidized yields ______ ATP

What are the 3 chemical compounds classified as fats? (P,C,T)

- Phospholipids - Cholesterol - Triglycerides

T/F: high amounts of LDL can cause arteries to clog up.

True

What is the major fat energy source?

Triglycerides

Where are triglycerides stored?

Adipocytes between muscle fibers and within muscle fibers

Oxidation of fat enters the muscle by _____.

Diffusion

Oxidation of Fat yields ____ - _____ times more ______ than glucose but, slower than glucose oxidation

3;4 ; ATP

Know Beta Oxidation

1 Beta oxidation produces ___ NADH and ___ FADH2

What are the 3 stages of ATP produced from 16 C fatty acid and there ATP produced

1. Fatty Acid (-2) 2. Beta oxidation (28) 3. Krebs cycle (72)