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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

More than ____ half of all ____ marathon runners report having “hit the wall” during a marathon regardless of how hard they trained.

A

Half ; nonelite

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2
Q

“Hitting the wall” usually occurs around mile ____ to ____.

A

20 ; 22

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3
Q

What is the main cause of “hitting the wall”?

A

Running out of glycogen.

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4
Q

Why does “hitting the wall” occur around mile 20?

A

Most runners store 2,000 - 2,200 cals of glycogen and last for about 20 miles

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5
Q

What are the 3 micronutrients?

A

Carbohydrate
Fat
Protein

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6
Q

What are fuel sources from which we make energy (ATP)?

A

Energy substrates

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7
Q

What is the process of converting substrates into energy?

A

Bioenergetics

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8
Q

Bioenergetics occurs where?

A

Cellular level

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9
Q

What are chemical reactions in the body?

A

Metabolism

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10
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Catabolic (break down)
Anabolic (build up)

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11
Q

Energy released from a biological reaction can be calculated from _____ produced.

A

Heat

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12
Q

1000 ___ = 1 ___ = 1 ___ (dietary)

A

cal; kcal; Cal

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13
Q

What device measures calories?

A

Bomb calorimeter

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14
Q

Carbohydrate, fat, and protein can be broken down into what elements?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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15
Q

What is the main element for fat?

A

Nitrogen

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16
Q

What is the energy from chemical bond in food stored in high-energy compound?

A

ATP

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17
Q

All carbohydrates are converted to

A

Glucose

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18
Q

Carbohydrate is the primary ATP substrate for _____ & _____.

A

Muscles ; brain

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19
Q

Extra glucose is stored as _____.

A

Glycogen;

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20
Q

Where is extra glucose (glycogen) stored?

A

Liver & muscles

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21
Q

Glycogen converts back to glucose when needed to make more ____.

A

ATP

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22
Q

What is the glycogen storage limit?

A

2,500 kcal

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23
Q

What are 4 examples of carbohydrate?

A

Bread
Cereals
Pasta
Rice
Potatoes
Beans
Chestnuts

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24
Q

Glucose has how many carbons?

A

5

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25
Q

What is a efficient substrate with sufficient storage?

A

Fat

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26
Q

Fat is a substrate for _____.

A

Prolonged, less intense exercise

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27
Q

Fat has a _____ net ATP yield but _____ ATP production.

A

High ; slow

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28
Q

Fat must be broken down from ______ to ______ & glycerol.

A

Triglyceride ; Free fatty acids

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29
Q

Only _____ are used to make ATP.

A

FFA’s

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30
Q

What is the energy substrate during starvation?

A

Protein

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31
Q

Protein must be converted into what?

A

Glucose

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32
Q

What does the term “gluconeogenesis” mean?

A

New creation of glucose

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33
Q

Protein can also convert into FFA’s using which process?

A

Lipogenesis

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34
Q

The Rate of Energy Production relies on what 2 factors?

A
  1. Availability of the primary substrate
  2. Enzyme activity
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35
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein molecules

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36
Q

Enzymes tend to end with what suffix?

A

-are

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37
Q

What do enzymes regarding substrates?

A

Facilitate breakdown of substrates

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38
Q

Enzymes do what for a chemical reaction?

A

Lower activation energy

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39
Q

Each step in a biochemical pathway requires what?

A

Specific enzyme

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40
Q

The greater the enzyme/enzyme activity =

A

Greater product

41
Q

Rate-limiting enzyme is influenced by what?

A

Negative feedback

42
Q

ATP is stored in ____ amounts until needed.

43
Q

T/F: Body must constantly synthesize new ATP.

44
Q

What are the three ATP synthesis pathways?

A
  1. ATP-PCr
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Oxidative system
45
Q

Which of the three ATP synthesis pathways requires oxygen?

A

Oxidative system

46
Q

What is the simplest energy system?

A

ATP-PCr System

47
Q

What is the ATP yield of the ATP-PCr system?

48
Q

What is the duration of the ATP-PCr System?

49
Q

PCr breakdown catalyzed by what?

50
Q

What is the ATP yield of the Glycolytic System?

A

2 mol: glucose
3 mol: glycogen

51
Q

What is the duration of the glycolytic system?

A

15s to 2 min

52
Q

2 pyruvate molecules move into what?

A

Mitochondria matrix

53
Q

2 Net ATP usually stays in ____ to be used by the cell.

54
Q

2 NADH is a high energy compound that moves in to ______.

A

Electron transport chain

55
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme for the glycolytic system?

A

Phosphofructokinase

56
Q

The glycolytic system is also regulated by ______.

A

Products of Krebs cycle

57
Q

What is the energy system that is aerobic?

A

oxidative system

58
Q

During the oxidative system, 1 glucose yields how many ATP?

A

32 to 33 ATP

59
Q

During the oxidative system, 1 FFA yields how many ATP?

60
Q

What is the duration of the oxidative system?

A

Steady supply for hours

61
Q

What is the most complex energy system?

62
Q

Why is the oxidative system the most complex?

A

ATP production
Duration

63
Q

Where does the oxidative system occur?

A

Mitochondria

64
Q

What are the 3 stages of oxidation of a carbohydrate?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle
  3. Electron Transport Chain
65
Q

How many steps does the Kreb cycle have?

66
Q

T/F: Glycolysis can occur with or without O2

67
Q

T/F: ATP yield for Glycolysis with O2 is not the same as anaerobic glycolysis.

68
Q

Glycolysis of 1 glucose gives how many NADH?

69
Q

1 molecule glucose = ____ acetyl-CoA

70
Q

1 molecule glucose = ____ complete Krebs cycles

71
Q

1 molecule glucose = _____ ATP yield

72
Q

What happens when there are too many H+ in a cell?

A

Becomes too acidic

73
Q

What regulates the Krebs Cycle?

A

Negative feedback

74
Q

Isocitrate dehyrogenase is a _________

A

Rate limiting enzyme

75
Q

What is always the first step of Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

76
Q

1 pyruvate yields:

77
Q

1 acetyl-CoA yields:

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

78
Q

1 glucose splits into ____ pyruvates.

79
Q

2 pyruvate yields

80
Q

2 acetyl-CoA yields

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

81
Q

What two molecules aid in making more energy during in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

NADH & FADH2

82
Q

NADH and FADH2 molecules carry what?

A

H+ and electrons to ETC

83
Q

What is a group of protein complexes located in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Electron Transport Chain

84
Q

At the end of the ETC, H+ and electrons combine with _____.

85
Q

What powers ATP Synthase?

A

Hydrogen gradient

86
Q

1 NADH = ______ ATP

87
Q

1 FADH2 = _______ ATP

88
Q

What is the final electron acceptor?

89
Q

1 glucose oxidized yields ______ ATP

90
Q

1 glycogen oxidized yields ______ ATP

91
Q

What are the 3 chemical compounds classified as fats? (P,C,T)

A
  • Phospholipids
  • Cholesterol
  • Triglycerides
92
Q

T/F: high amounts of LDL can cause arteries to clog up.

93
Q

What is the major fat energy source?

A

Triglycerides

94
Q

Where are triglycerides stored?

A

Adipocytes between muscle fibers and within muscle fibers

95
Q

Oxidation of fat enters the muscle by _____.

96
Q

Oxidation of Fat yields ____ - _____ times more ______ than glucose but, slower than glucose oxidation

97
Q

Know Beta Oxidation

98
Q

1 Beta oxidation produces ___ NADH and ___ FADH2

99
Q

What are the 3 stages of ATP produced from 16 C fatty acid and there ATP produced

A
  1. Fatty Acid (-2)
  2. Beta oxidation (28)
  3. Krebs cycle (72)

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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