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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 1 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 11 Flashcards

1
Q

The Anatomy of skeletal muscle consist of what 2 things?

A

Muscle fibers
Myofibrils

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2
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac

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3
Q

Of the 3 types of muscle tissue, which is voluntary?

A

Skeletal

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4
Q

What does the skeletal muscle connect to?

A

Skeleton

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5
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Hollow organs

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6
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

Heart

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7
Q

An entire muscle is surrounded by __________.

A

Epimysium

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8
Q

An entire muscle consists of many _______ (fascicles or fasciculi)

A

Bundles

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9
Q

The fascicle is surrounded by _______.

A

Perimysium

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10
Q

The fascicle consist of individual _____ cells.

A

Muscle

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11
Q

Each muscle fiber is surrounded by _________.

A

Endomysium

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12
Q

Muscle fivers consists of myofibrils divided into _________.

A

Sacromeres

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13
Q

Plasmalemma (cell membrane) fuses with _____.

A

Tendon

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14
Q

What are the 3 jobs of plasmalemma? (CapMpTn)

A
  • conducts action potential
  • maintains pH
  • Transports nutrients
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15
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the muscle cell?

A

Sarcoplasm

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16
Q

What are 2 unique features of sarcoplasm? (GsM)

A

Glycogen storage & myoglobin

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17
Q

_________ are extensions of plasmalemma.

A

Transverse tubules

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18
Q

What carries action potential deep into muscle fiber?

A

T-Tubules

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19
Q

Where is Calcium stored in muscle fibers?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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20
Q

What is the sequence of myofibril creation?

A

Muscle —> fascicle —> muscle fiber —> myofibril

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21
Q

What is the amount of myofibrils per muscle fiber?

A

Hundreds to thousands

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22
Q

Sections of myofibrils are known as what?

A

Sarcomeres

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23
Q

What is the basic contractile element of skeletal muscle?

A

Sarcomeres

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24
Q

To estimate the full length of a myofibril, how should you measure it?

A

End to end

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25
Q

What are the distinctive striped appearances located on sarcomeres?

A

Striations

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26
Q

Describe Sarcomere A-bands.

A

Dark/blue stripes

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27
Q

Describe Sarcomere I-bands.

A

light/pink stripes

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28
Q

Describe Sarcomere H-zone.

A

Middle of A-band

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29
Q

Describe Sarcomere M-line.

A

middle of H-zone

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30
Q

T/F: A-band has both thick and thin filament

A

True

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31
Q

T/F: A-bands length is measured using both thick and thin filament.

A

False; only thick filament

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32
Q

T/F: I-band consists of thin filament.

A

True

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33
Q

What is common boundary structure of the sarcomere?

A

Z-disk or Z-line

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34
Q

T/F: H-zone consists of thick filament.

A

True

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35
Q

What are 2 important proteins of the sarcomere?

A

Actin & Myosin

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36
Q

Thin filaments are composed of what 3 proteins?

A

Actin
Tropomyosin
Troponin

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37
Q

_______: contains myosin-binding site.

A

Actin

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38
Q

What protein covers the active site at rest?

A

Tropomyosin

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39
Q

What protein is anchored to actin and moves Tropomyosin?

A

Troponin

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40
Q

Myosin is two intertwined ________ with globular heads.

A

Filaments

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41
Q

T/F: Globular heads can protrude 360 degrees from thick filament axis.

A

True

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42
Q

T/F: Globular heads will not interact with actin filaments for contraction.

A

False; they will interact

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43
Q

T/F: Myosin uses Titin as a stabilizer.

A

True

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44
Q

What myofilament acts like a spring?

A

Titin

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45
Q

T/F: Titin extends from Z-disk to M-band.

A

True

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46
Q

What are the 2 main jobs of Titin?

A

Stabilizes sarcomeres and centers myosin
Prevents overstretching

47
Q

Muscle fiber contraction starts with ________.

A

nervous system

48
Q

Which type of motor neurons innervate muscle fibers?

A

Alpha

49
Q

T/F: More operating motor units = more contractile force

A

True

50
Q

Fibers contract through a sequence of events known as what?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

51
Q

What are the 6 sequences of excitation-contraction coupling? (AAAATC)

A
  1. Action potential (AP) starts in brain
  2. AP arrives at axon terminal, releases ACh
  3. ACh crosses synapse, binds to ACh receptors on plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-Tubules
  5. Triggers Ca+2 release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
  6. Ca+2 enables actin-myosin contraction
52
Q

T/F: SR sensitive to electrical charge.

A

True

53
Q

When AP arrives at SR from T-tubule, is causes mass release of _____ into _____.

A

Ca+2 ; sarcoplasm

54
Q

_______ binds to ______ on _____ filament.

A

Ca+2 ; troponin ; thin

55
Q

When Ca+2 binds to troponin on thin filament, myosin binds to actin forming a ________ allowing a contraction to occur.

A

Cross-bridge

56
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory is a process of _________ contraction.

A

Actin-myosin

57
Q

What happens during the relaxed state of sliding filament theory?

A
  • No actin-myosin interaction at binding site
  • Myofilaments overlap a little
58
Q

What happens during the contracted state of the sliding filament theory?

A
  • Myosin head pulls actin toward sarcomere center
  • Filaments slide past each other
  • Sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber all shorten
59
Q

What is power stroke?

A

Myosin head pulling actin toward sarcomere center.

60
Q

What happens after power stroke ends?

A
  • Myosin detaches from active site
  • Myosin head rotates back to original position
  • Myosin attaches to another active site farther down
61
Q

The sliding filament theory continues until what 1 of 2 things happen?

A
  • Z-disk reaches myosin filaments OR AP stops, Ca+2 gets pumped back into SR.
62
Q

What is a cross-bridge?

A

When myosin meets actin

63
Q

What is the energy unit for muscle contraction?

A

ATP

64
Q

ATP binds to _____ head.

A

Myosin

65
Q

What is located on the myosin head?

A

ATPase

66
Q

T/F: ATP is necessary for muscle contraction.

A

True

67
Q

When muscle relaxation occurs, what 2 things end/stop.

A
  1. AP ends
  2. Electrical stimulation of SR stops.
68
Q

What length does not change during muscle contraction?

A

A-band

69
Q

T/F: Muscle relaxation requires ATP.

A

True

70
Q

T/F: Muscle biopsy consist of a small (10-100g) piece of muscle removed and is frozen, sliced, examined under microscope.

A

True

71
Q

What are the colors designated with a certain type of muscle fiber:
Type 1
Type 2a
Type 2x

A

Type 1: black
Type 2a: white
Type 2x: gray

72
Q

Type _______ muscle fiber has a slow form of myosin ATPase

A

1

73
Q

Type _____ muscle fiber has a fast form of myosin ATPase.

A

2

74
Q

What is the percentages of each muscle fiber type?

A

Type 1: 50%
Type 2a: 25%
Type 2x: 25%

75
Q

Which type of muscle fiber has high aerobic endurance?

A

Type 1

76
Q

Which muscle fiber type is being described:
- Efficiently produce ATP from oxidation of fat and carbohydrate
- Can maintain exercise for prolonged periods
- Require oxygen for ATP production
- Recruited most often during low intensity
- aerobic exercise (e.g., marathon running)
- daily activities (walking)
- posture

A

Type 1

77
Q

Type II fibers in general are ____ in aerobic endurance and produce ATP through ______ pathways.

A

Poor ; anaerobic

78
Q

Type _____ produce more force, faster fatigue than type ____ and are primarily used in short, high intensity endurance events (1,600m run).

A

IIa ; I

79
Q

Type ______ are seldomly used for everyday activities and primarily used in short,explosive sprints (100m).

A

IIx

80
Q

Which muscle fiber type’s motor unit has a greater neuron size?

A

Type II

81
Q

List the muscle fiber types in order of greatest peak power to least peak power.

A

Type IIx > Type IIa > Type I

82
Q

T/F: Each person has unique ratios of muscle fiber types.

A

True

83
Q

Type I predominates in ______ athletes and Type II predominates in _____ athletes.

A

Endurance ; power

84
Q

T/F: The Soleus is type I in everyone.

A

True

85
Q

T/F: The lose of type II motor units occurs with aging.

A

True

86
Q

T/F: Fiber type is the sole predictor of success.

A

False

87
Q

What are the 4 factors of athletic success? (CfMThMs)

A
  • Cardiovascular function
  • Motivation
  • Training habits
  • Muscle size
88
Q

When a motor unit is recruited, ___ of its fibers are ______.

A

ALL ; activated

89
Q

Less force: _____ or ______ motor units (type __)

A

Fewer ; smaller ; I

90
Q

More force: ____ or _____ motor units (type __)

A

More ; larger ; II

91
Q

What is the recruitment order?

A
  1. Smallest (type I) motor units
  2. Midsized (type IIa) motor units
  3. Largest (type IIx) motor units
92
Q

What is the principle that states: “order of recruitment of motor units directly related to size of alpha-motor neuron”.

A

Principle of orderly recruitment (size principle)

93
Q

Smaller motor units are ___-threshold.

A

Low

94
Q

Progressively higher threshold motor units are recruited based on the increasing demands of the _______.

A

Activity

95
Q

Which muscle contraction type requires muscle to produce force and change length ; joint movement produced?

A

Dynamic

96
Q

What are the two subtypes of dynamic muscle contraction?

A

Concentric & Eccentric

97
Q

T/F: Concentric contraction implies that the muscle shortens while producing force.

A

True

98
Q

Which contraction requires the muscle to lengthen?

A

Eccentric

99
Q

Which muscle contraction is being described:
- Muscle produces force but does not change length
- Joint angle does not change
- Myosin cross-bridges form and recycle, no sliding

A

Static (isometric)

100
Q

Amount of force developed depends on what 5 things?

A
  1. Number and type of motor units activated
  2. Size of the muscle
  3. Frequency of stimulation of each motor unit
  4. Muscle fiber and sarcomere length
  5. Speed of contraction
101
Q

T/F: More force generated when more motor units activated.

A

True

102
Q

What is the contractile response to single electrical stimulus?

A

Twitch

103
Q

What are consecutive stimuli for greater force?

A

Summation

104
Q

What is continued stimulation resulting in peak force?

A

Tetanus

105
Q

What it’s the process of varying levels within the frequency of stimulation?

A

Rate coding

106
Q

T/F: Optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap of actin/myosin

A

True

107
Q

T/F: Too short or too stretched = little or great force develops .

A

False; little to no force

108
Q

The ability to develop force also depends on speed of contraction is known as what relationship?

A

Speed-Force

109
Q

Concentric: maximal force development _______ at _____ speeds.

A

Decreases ; higher

110
Q

Eccentric: maximal force development ______ at _____ speeds.

A

Increases ; higher

111
Q

Substantial strength gains via ___________ changes.

A

Neuromuscular

112
Q

T/F: Resistance Training is important for overall fitness and health.

A

True

113
Q

After ____ to ____ months of resistance training, you can notice 25 to 100% strength gain, learn more effectively to produce force, learn to produce true maximal movement.

A

3 to 6

114
Q

Why do young men experience greatest absolute gains versus young women, older men, and children?

A

Incredible muscle plasticity

Exercise Physiology Lecture (9 decks)

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