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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 major circulatory elements?

A
  1. A pump (heart)
  2. Channels or tubes (blood vessels)
  3. A fluid medium (blood)
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2
Q

______ generates pressure to drive blood through vessels.

A

Heart

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3
Q

What must meet metabolic demands?

A

Blood flow

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4
Q

What are the 6 major functions of the cardiovascular system? (DRTTAI)

A
  1. Delivers O2, nutrients
  2. Removes CO2, other waste
  3. Transports hormones, other molecules
  4. Temperature balance and fluid regulation
  5. Acid base balance
  6. Immune function
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5
Q

The right side of the heart utilizes ______ circulation.

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

The right side of the heart pumps ________ blood from body to lungs.

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

The left side of the heart utilizes _____ circulation.

A

Systematic

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8
Q

The left side of the heart pumps ______ blood from lungs to the body.

A

Oxygenated

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Which has thicker walls, Left or right ventricle?

A

Left ventricle

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11
Q

Why does the left ventricle have thicker walls?

A

Hypertrophy due to exercise

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12
Q

T/F: Myocardium needs blood.

A

True

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13
Q

What supplies the right side of the heart?

A

Right coronary artery

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14
Q

What supplies the left side of the heart?

A

Left (main) coronary artery

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15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Coronary artery disease

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16
Q

Which cells are described to be:
- large, long, unbranched, multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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17
Q

Which cell is small, short, branched and has one nucleus?

A

Myocardial

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18
Q

Which cell has intermittent and voluntary contractions?

A

Skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Which cell has continuous and involuntary rhythmic contractions?

A

Myocardial cells

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20
Q

Which cell has Ca+2 which is released from SR?

A

Skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Which cell has calcium-induced calcium release?

A

Myocardial cells

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22
Q

What are the 4 steps of calcium induced calcium release? (ADEI)

A
  1. AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  2. DHP receptors in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  3. Extracellular Ca+2 to enter cell, but insufficient to cause contraction
  4. Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors on SR to release Ca+2
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23
Q

How many fiber type(s) are within myocardial cells?

A

1

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24
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers connected by regions called ________.

A

Intercalated discs

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25
What holds cells together?
Desmosomes
26
What rapidly conducts action potentials?
Gap junctions
27
What is the unique ability of cardiac muscle being able to generate its own electrical signal?
Spontaneous rhythmicity
28
T/F: Spontaneous rhythmicity allows cardiac muscle contraction without any external stimulation.
True
29
What is the pathway of electrical impulse in cardiac muscle?
Right atrium —> throughout entire heart
30
What is the starting point of the heart?
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
31
Where and what is the fastest intrinsic firing rate?
SA node & about 100 beats/min
32
What is the term used to describe special cardiac cells generating and spreading electrical signal?
Spontaneous rhythmicity
33
What are the 4 locations of spontaneous rhythmicity? (SAAP)
1. SA node 2. AV node 3. AV bundle (bundle of His) 4. Purkinje fibers
34
What initiates contraction signal in the cardiovascular system?
SA Node
35
What delays and relays signals to ventricles in the cardiovascular system?
AV Node
36
What stimulates RA, LA contraction?
SA Node
37
What allows RA and LA to contract before RV and LV?
AV Node
38
What relays signal to RV and LV?
AV bundle
39
What sends signals into RV and LV?
Purkinje fibers
40
Purkinje fibers are terminal ____ of right and left bundle branches.
Branches
41
Which fiber stimulates RV, LV contraction?
Purkinje fibers
42
Which division controls: - Decreases force of contraction - Decreases HR below intrinsic HR
Parasympathetic control
43
Elite endurance athlete: ____ beats/min
35
44
Which division controls: - Increase force of contraction - Increases HR above intrinsic HR - Determines HR during physical, emotional stress - Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
Sympathetic control
45
_____: relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.
Diastole
46
____: contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
Systole
47
Which cardiac cycle phase is being described: - Chambers fill with blood - Twice as long as systole
Diastole
48
Which cardiac cycle is being described: - Ejection of blood
Systole
49
What is the cycle where all mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat?
Cardiac Cycle
50
The Ventricular systole is ___ of cardiac cycle time?
1/3
51
The Ventricular diastole is ____ of cardiac cycle time.
2/3
52
What is the volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat?
Stroke Volume
53
How do you calculate SV?
EDV - ESV = SV
54
What is the normal Ejection fraction for healthy, active young adult at rest?
60%
55
What is the term for total volume of blood pumped per minute?
Cardiac Output
56
Resting cardiac output:
About 4.2 to 5.6 L/min
57
What carries blood away from the heart?
Arteries
58
What controls blood flow and feed’s capillaries?
Arteriole
59
What is the site of nutrient and waste exchange?
Capillaries
60
What collects blood from capillaries?
Venules
61
What carries blood from Venules back to heart?
Veins
62
What is the pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls?
Blood pressure
63
What is the highest pressure in artery during systole?
Systolic pressure
64
What is the lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)?
Diastolic pressure
65
What is the average pressure over entire cardiac cycle?
Mean Arterial Pressure
66
T/F: Blood flow is required by all tissues.
True
67
What is the force that drives flow?
Pressure
68
What is the force that opposes flow?
Resistance
69
What is the easiest way to change flow?
Change resistance
70
When the artery constricts
Vasoconstriction
71
When the artery widens/opens.
Vasodilation
72
What is also known as resistance vessels?
Arteriole s
73
What is the site of most potent VC and VD?
Arterioles
74
T/F: Arteriole walls can respond to local control mechanisms.
True
75
What is the ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate Arterioles that serve them?
Intrinsic control
76
How many types of intrinsic control are there?
3

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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