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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 major circulatory elements?

A
  1. A pump (heart)
  2. Channels or tubes (blood vessels)
  3. A fluid medium (blood)
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2
Q

______ generates pressure to drive blood through vessels.

A

Heart

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3
Q

What must meet metabolic demands?

A

Blood flow

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4
Q

What are the 6 major functions of the cardiovascular system? (DRTTAI)

A
  1. Delivers O2, nutrients
  2. Removes CO2, other waste
  3. Transports hormones, other molecules
  4. Temperature balance and fluid regulation
  5. Acid base balance
  6. Immune function
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5
Q

The right side of the heart utilizes ______ circulation.

A

Pulmonary

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6
Q

The right side of the heart pumps ________ blood from body to lungs.

A

Deoxygenated

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7
Q

The left side of the heart utilizes _____ circulation.

A

Systematic

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8
Q

The left side of the heart pumps ______ blood from lungs to the body.

A

Oxygenated

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Cardiac muscle

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10
Q

Which has thicker walls, Left or right ventricle?

A

Left ventricle

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11
Q

Why does the left ventricle have thicker walls?

A

Hypertrophy due to exercise

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12
Q

T/F: Myocardium needs blood.

A

True

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13
Q

What supplies the right side of the heart?

A

Right coronary artery

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14
Q

What supplies the left side of the heart?

A

Left (main) coronary artery

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15
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Coronary artery disease

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16
Q

Which cells are described to be:
- large, long, unbranched, multinucleated

A

Skeletal muscle cells

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17
Q

Which cell is small, short, branched and has one nucleus?

A

Myocardial

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18
Q

Which cell has intermittent and voluntary contractions?

A

Skeletal muscle

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19
Q

Which cell has continuous and involuntary rhythmic contractions?

A

Myocardial cells

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20
Q

Which cell has Ca+2 which is released from SR?

A

Skeletal muscle

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21
Q

Which cell has calcium-induced calcium release?

A

Myocardial cells

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22
Q

What are the 4 steps of calcium induced calcium release? (ADEI)

A
  1. AP spreads along sarcolemma down T-tubules
  2. DHP receptors in T-tubule are stimulated and open
  3. Extracellular Ca+2 to enter cell, but insufficient to cause contraction
  4. Instead, triggers ryanodine receptors on SR to release Ca+2
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23
Q

How many fiber type(s) are within myocardial cells?

A

1

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24
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers connected by regions called ________.

A

Intercalated discs

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25
Q

What holds cells together?

A

Desmosomes

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26
Q

What rapidly conducts action potentials?

A

Gap junctions

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27
Q

What is the unique ability of cardiac muscle being able to generate its own electrical signal?

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

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28
Q

T/F: Spontaneous rhythmicity allows cardiac muscle contraction without any external stimulation.

A

True

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29
Q

What is the pathway of electrical impulse in cardiac muscle?

A

Right atrium —> throughout entire heart

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30
Q

What is the starting point of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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31
Q

Where and what is the fastest intrinsic firing rate?

A

SA node & about 100 beats/min

32
Q

What is the term used to describe special cardiac cells generating and spreading electrical signal?

A

Spontaneous rhythmicity

33
Q

What are the 4 locations of spontaneous rhythmicity? (SAAP)

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle (bundle of His)
  4. Purkinje fibers
34
Q

What initiates contraction signal in the cardiovascular system?

A

SA Node

35
Q

What delays and relays signals to ventricles in the cardiovascular system?

A

AV Node

36
Q

What stimulates RA, LA contraction?

A

SA Node

37
Q

What allows RA and LA to contract before RV and LV?

A

AV Node

38
Q

What relays signal to RV and LV?

A

AV bundle

39
Q

What sends signals into RV and LV?

A

Purkinje fibers

40
Q

Purkinje fibers are terminal ____ of right and left bundle branches.

A

Branches

41
Q

Which fiber stimulates RV, LV contraction?

A

Purkinje fibers

42
Q

Which division controls:
- Decreases force of contraction
- Decreases HR below intrinsic HR

A

Parasympathetic control

43
Q

Elite endurance athlete: ____ beats/min

A

35

44
Q

Which division controls:
- Increase force of contraction
- Increases HR above intrinsic HR
- Determines HR during physical, emotional stress
- Maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min

A

Sympathetic control

45
Q

_____: relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle.

A

Diastole

46
Q

____: contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

A

Systole

47
Q

Which cardiac cycle phase is being described:
- Chambers fill with blood
- Twice as long as systole

A

Diastole

48
Q

Which cardiac cycle is being described:
- Ejection of blood

A

Systole

49
Q

What is the cycle where all mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat?

A

Cardiac Cycle

50
Q

The Ventricular systole is ___ of cardiac cycle time?

A

1/3

51
Q

The Ventricular diastole is ____ of cardiac cycle time.

A

2/3

52
Q

What is the volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat?

A

Stroke Volume

53
Q

How do you calculate SV?

A

EDV - ESV = SV

54
Q

What is the normal Ejection fraction for healthy, active young adult at rest?

A

60%

55
Q

What is the term for total volume of blood pumped per minute?

A

Cardiac Output

56
Q

Resting cardiac output:

A

About 4.2 to 5.6 L/min

57
Q

What carries blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

58
Q

What controls blood flow and feed’s capillaries?

A

Arteriole

59
Q

What is the site of nutrient and waste exchange?

A

Capillaries

60
Q

What collects blood from capillaries?

A

Venules

61
Q

What carries blood from Venules back to heart?

A

Veins

62
Q

What is the pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls?

A

Blood pressure

63
Q

What is the highest pressure in artery during systole?

A

Systolic pressure

64
Q

What is the lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)?

A

Diastolic pressure

65
Q

What is the average pressure over entire cardiac cycle?

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

66
Q

T/F: Blood flow is required by all tissues.

A

True

67
Q

What is the force that drives flow?

A

Pressure

68
Q

What is the force that opposes flow?

A

Resistance

69
Q

What is the easiest way to change flow?

A

Change resistance

70
Q

When the artery constricts

A

Vasoconstriction

71
Q

When the artery widens/opens.

A

Vasodilation

72
Q

What is also known as resistance vessels?

A

Arteriole s

73
Q

What is the site of most potent VC and VD?

A

Arterioles

74
Q

T/F: Arteriole walls can respond to local control mechanisms.

A

True

75
Q

What is the ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate Arterioles that serve them?

A

Intrinsic control

76
Q

How many types of intrinsic control are there?

A

3

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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