Chapter 4 Flashcards
Nervous system = _____ communication
Electrical
Endocrine system = ______ communication
Chemical
The __________ system is slower responding and longer lasting than the nervous system.
Endocrine
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis via __________.
Hormones
T/F: The endocrine system is NOT anatomically connected.
True
T/F: An endocrine gland is only capable of secreting one hormone.
False
Name an example of an endocrine gland.
Pituitary gland
Hormone concentrations in plasma are very ____.
Low
What is the range of hormone concentrations in plasma?
10^-9 mol/L to 10^-12 mol/L
What are the 3 functions of the endocrine system? (CCM)
- Constantly monitors internal environment
- Coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
- Maintains homeostasis during exercise
How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis during exercise? (CR)
- Controls substrate metabolism
- Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
What are the 2 categories of hormones?
- Steroid
- Nonsteroid
Steroid hormones are derived from ________.
Cholesterol
T/F: Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.
True
What are the 4 major glands that secrete steroid hormones? (TOAcP)
- Testes
-Ovaries - Adrenal cortex
- Placenta
The testes produce which hormone(s).
Testosterone
Ovaries produce which steroid hormone(s)?
Estrogen & progesterone
The Adrenal cortex produces which steroid hormone(s)?
Cortisol & aldosterone
The placenta secretes which steroid hormone(s)?
Estrogen & progesterone
T/F: Nonsteroid hormones are lipid soluble.
False
Nonsteroid hormones are divided into what 2 groups? (PhAadh)
- Protein/peptide hormones
- Amino acid-derived hormones
Protein/peptide hormones are commonly found in what 3 areas? (PHPg)
- pancreas
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
T/F: Most nonsteroid hormones are considered to be protein/peptide hormones.
True
Amino acid-derived hormones can be found in what 2 places? (TAm)
- Thyroid
- Adrenal medulla
The Thyroid produces what 2 hormones?
T3 & T4
The Adrenal medulla produces what hormones?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
Together epinephrine & norepinephrine make _______.
Catecholamine
Hormones contact all ____ tissues.
Body
How do hormone receptors limit effects to specific targets?
Using hormone specific receptors
T/F: No receptor = no hormone effect.
True
Hormones only affect tissues with _______ receptor.
Specific
Hormone exerts effects after ____ with receptor.
Binding
A hormone bound to a receptor is called ______.
Hormone receptor complex
Steroid hormone receptors are in ______ or ____ of target cell.
Cytoplasm or nucleus
Nonsteroid receptors are on the ______ of the target cell.
Membrane
How does the hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus? (BIM)
- Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
- In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
- mRNA enters cytoplasm and promotes protein synthesis
What are the 3 possible proteins derived from the protein synthesis of the hormone receptor complex? (ESR)
- enzymes
- structural proteins
- regulatory proteins that alters enzyme function
Receptors on cell membrane —> trigger release of intracellular ________ messengers.
Second
T/F: intracellular second messengers intensify strength of hormone signal.
True
What are 2 common second messengers? (cAMP, cGMP)
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- Cyclic guanine monophosphate
The hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones from ___________.
Anterior pituitary gland
The hypothalamus provides ADH for release from ___________.
Posterior pituitary gland
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
6
Which hormone stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands?
ACTH
Which hormone is known for the acronym FSH.
Follicle stimulating hormone
Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen?
Luteinizing hormone
Which hormone controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Which hormone directly stimulates the breast to produce milk?
Prolactin
Which hormone governs our height, bone length and muscle growth?
Growth hormone
______ endocrine glands are responsible for ________ regulation.
Major ; metabolic
What is an important metabolic hormone?
Growth hormone
The growth hormone effects (PBLPS).
- Potent anabolic hormone
- Builds tissues, organs
- Long bone growth
- Promotes muscle growth
- Stimulates fat metabolism
T/F: Growth hormone is released during aerobic and resistance exercise.
True
The thyroid gland secretes what 2 hormones?
T3 & T4
T3 & T4 increase what six things? (MPNGRF)
- Metabolic rate
- Protein synthesis
- number and size of mitochondria
- glucose uptake by cells
- rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
- FFA mobilization
Where are adrenal glands located?
Above each kidney
The adrenal gland is composed of what 2 parts? (AcAm)
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, ______ are released.
Catecholamines
What is the percentage of epinephrine & norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine
When catecholamine is released within the adrenal medulla, what 4 things increase? (Hcb, G, L, B)
- Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
- Glycogenolysis
- Lipolysis
- Blood flow to skeletal muscle
What is an important hormone regarding the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
When cortisol is present, state whether the levels of each statement increases or decreases:
____ in gluconeogenesis for fuel
____ in FFA mobilization
Increase
Increase
Which hormone acts as an anti-inflammatory and depresses anti-immune reactions?
Cortisol
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind and slightly below the stomach
What are the 2 major hormones secreted by the pancreas?
Insulin & glucagon
The _____ controls plasma glucose levels.
Pancreas
During ______ the pancreas releases ______.
Hyperglycemia; insulin
What is the main function of insulin?
Lower blood glucose levels
T/F: When insulin is present:
- it counters hyperglycemia
- increases glucose transport into cells
- increases glycogenesis
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
True
During hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases _______.
Glucagon
What is the main function of glucagon?
Increase blood glucose
T/F: When glucagon is present:
- it counters hypoglycemia
- increases glycogenolysis
- increases gluconeogenesis
True
T/F: During exercise, glucose does not have to be available to tissues.
False
During exercise, there is an (increase/decrease) _______ in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Increase
An adequate plasma glucose level during exercise requires a balance between what two things? (GrblGubm)
- Glucose release by liver
- Glucose uptake by muscles
What are the 5 hormones that increase the circulation of glucose? (GENGC)
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Glucagon/Cortisol
What 3 hormones cause an increase in glycogenolysis? (GEN)
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by which 2 hormones? (GTT)
- Growth hormone
- T3 & T4
As exercise _____ increases, ______ release increases.
Intensity ; catecholamine
As exercise ______ increases, more liver ______ is used.
Duration ; glycogen
_______ enables glucose uptake in muscle
Insulin
During exercise, insulin concentrations tend to fall. Why does this occur? (Hint: increase in something)
Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise
Due to insulin sensitivity increasing during exercise, there is more _____ uptake into cells with less insulin.
Glucose
T/F: FFA mobilization and fat metabolism is not critical to endurance exercise.
False
Triglycerides ——> ______ + ______
FFAs ; glycerol
-
-
-
-
- (decreased) insulin
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- cortisol
- Growth hormone
Lipolysis is stimulated via ____.
Lipase
During exercise, _____ shifts from plasma volume to interstitial and intracellular spaces.
Water
During exercise, there is an _____ in plasma volume levels.
Decrease
Prolonged running can decrease PV by ____ - ____%.
5-10
When plasma volume decreases, it can lead to an ____ in blood pressure & a ______ in heart strain.
Decrease ; increase
Which bodily glands are involved in monitoring fluid levels and electrolyte balance? (PpgAcK)
- Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
- Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
- Kidneys (EPO)
Posterior pituitary secretes _________ hormone (also called ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin.
Antidiuretic
Where is oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone produced?
Hypothalamus
T/F: ADH increases water reabsorption by kidneys
True
_______: when less water is excreted in the urine.
Antidiuresis
The adrenal cortex secretes ________.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone effects:
____ in Na+ retention by kidneys ——> ____ in water retention via osmosis
Increase ; increase
Kidneys release ______ that targets bone marrow to stimulate ________ production
Erythropoietin; red blood cell
_______ are the target tissue for ADH & aldosterone.
Kidneys
Kidneys can stimulate the ____________ mechanism.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
T/F: regarding EPO:
- it is not released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys
- Stimulates red blood cell production
- Is critical for adapting to training and altitude
True, BUT EPO IS released.
In circulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, renin converts _______ molecule into _____ I
Angiotensinogen ; angiotensin
In the lungs, _____-converting enzyme converts ______ I into _______ II.
Angiotensin (all the same)
When _______ reaches the adrenal cortex, it stimulates ______ release.
Angiotensin II ; aldosterone
The GI tract releases hormones that affect ______.
Hunger signals
_______: is stimulated when the stomach is full and it causes the appetite to decrease.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released in the _______ and decreases appetite.
Small intestine
Peptide YY (PYY) is released in the small intestine and _____ appetite.
Decreases
The hormone Ghrelin does what to appetite?
Increases
T/F: Adipose is an endocrine organ.
true
What hormone is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger?
Leptin
Which two hormones regarding calorie intake act in opposing ways?
Leptin & ghrelin
_______ people have higher Leptin but are often resistant to its effects.
Obese
During acute exercise that is moderate to vigorous in aerobic content, a decrease in _______ temporarily reduces hunger.
Ghrelin
chronic exercise:
- does not change _____ response in people who do not lose weight during exercise training
- _____ increases in those who do lose weight.
Ghrelin
