Chapter 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Nervous system = _____ communication
A
Electrical
2
Q
Endocrine system = ______ communication
A
Chemical
3
Q
The __________ system is slower responding and longer lasting than the nervous system.
A
Endocrine
4
Q
The endocrine system maintains homeostasis via __________.
A
Hormones
5
Q
T/F: The endocrine system is NOT anatomically connected.
A
True
6
Q
T/F: An endocrine gland is only capable of secreting one hormone.
A
False
7
Q
Name an example of an endocrine gland.
A
Pituitary gland
8
Q
Hormone concentrations in plasma are very ____.
A
Low
9
Q
What is the range of hormone concentrations in plasma?
A
10^-9 mol/L to 10^-12 mol/L
10
Q
What are the 3 functions of the endocrine system? (CCM)
A
- Constantly monitors internal environment
- Coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
- Maintains homeostasis during exercise
11
Q
How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis during exercise? (CR)
A
- Controls substrate metabolism
- Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
12
Q
What are the 2 categories of hormones?
A
- Steroid
- Nonsteroid
13
Q
Steroid hormones are derived from ________.
A
Cholesterol
14
Q
T/F: Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.
A
True
15
Q
What are the 4 major glands that secrete steroid hormones? (TOAcP)
A
- Testes
-Ovaries - Adrenal cortex
- Placenta
16
Q
The testes produce which hormone(s).
A
Testosterone
17
Q
Ovaries produce which steroid hormone(s)?
A
Estrogen & progesterone
18
Q
The Adrenal cortex produces which steroid hormone(s)?
A
Cortisol & aldosterone
19
Q
The placenta secretes which steroid hormone(s)?
A
Estrogen & progesterone
20
Q
T/F: Nonsteroid hormones are lipid soluble.
A
False
21
Q
Nonsteroid hormones are divided into what 2 groups? (PhAadh)
A
- Protein/peptide hormones
- Amino acid-derived hormones
22
Q
Protein/peptide hormones are commonly found in what 3 areas? (PHPg)
A
- pancreas
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
23
Q
T/F: Most nonsteroid hormones are considered to be protein/peptide hormones.
A
True
24
Q
Amino acid-derived hormones can be found in what 2 places? (TAm)
A
- Thyroid
- Adrenal medulla
25
The Thyroid produces what 2 hormones?
T3 & T4
26
The Adrenal medulla produces what hormones?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
27
Together epinephrine & norepinephrine make _______.
Catecholamine
28
Hormones contact all ____ tissues.
Body
29
How do hormone receptors limit effects to specific targets?
Using hormone specific receptors
30
T/F: No receptor = no hormone effect.
True
31
Hormones only affect tissues with _______ receptor.
Specific
32
Hormone exerts effects after ____ with receptor.
Binding
33
A hormone bound to a receptor is called ______.
Hormone receptor complex
34
Steroid hormone receptors are in ______ or ____ of target cell.
Cytoplasm or nucleus
35
Nonsteroid receptors are on the ______ of the target cell.
Membrane
36
How does the hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus? (BIM)
- Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
- In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
- mRNA enters cytoplasm and promotes protein synthesis
37
What are the 3 possible proteins derived from the protein synthesis of the hormone receptor complex? (ESR)
- enzymes
- structural proteins
- regulatory proteins that alters enzyme function
38
Receptors on cell membrane —> trigger release of intracellular ________ messengers.
Second
39
T/F: intracellular second messengers intensify strength of hormone signal.
True
40
What are 2 common second messengers? (cAMP, cGMP)
- Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- Cyclic guanine monophosphate
41
The hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones from ___________.
Anterior pituitary gland
42
The hypothalamus provides ADH for release from ___________.
Posterior pituitary gland
43
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
6
44
Which hormone stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands?
ACTH
45
Which hormone is known for the acronym FSH.
Follicle stimulating hormone
46
Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen?
Luteinizing hormone
47
Which hormone controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
48
Which hormone directly stimulates the breast to produce milk?
Prolactin
49
Which hormone governs our height, bone length and muscle growth?
Growth hormone
50
______ endocrine glands are responsible for ________ regulation.
Major ; metabolic
51
What is an important metabolic hormone?
Growth hormone
52
The growth hormone effects (PBLPS).
- Potent anabolic hormone
- Builds tissues, organs
- Long bone growth
- Promotes muscle growth
- Stimulates fat metabolism
53
T/F: Growth hormone is released during aerobic and resistance exercise.
True
54
The thyroid gland secretes what 2 hormones?
T3 & T4
55
T3 & T4 increase what six things? (MPNGRF)
- Metabolic rate
- Protein synthesis
- number and size of mitochondria
- glucose uptake by cells
- rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
- FFA mobilization
56
Where are adrenal glands located?
Above each kidney
57
The adrenal gland is composed of what 2 parts? (AcAm)
- Adrenal cortex
- Adrenal medulla
58
When the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, ______ are released.
Catecholamines
59
What is the percentage of epinephrine & norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?
80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine
60
When catecholamine is released within the adrenal medulla, what 4 things increase? (Hcb, G, L, B)
- Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
- Glycogenolysis
- Lipolysis
- Blood flow to skeletal muscle
61
What is an important hormone regarding the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
62
When cortisol is present, state whether the levels of each statement increases or decreases:
____ in gluconeogenesis for fuel
____ in FFA mobilization
Increase
Increase
63
Which hormone acts as an anti-inflammatory and depresses anti-immune reactions?
Cortisol
64
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind and slightly below the stomach
65
What are the 2 major hormones secreted by the pancreas?
Insulin & glucagon
66
The _____ controls plasma glucose levels.
Pancreas
67
During ______ the pancreas releases ______.
Hyperglycemia; insulin
68
What is the main function of insulin?
Lower blood glucose levels
69
T/F: When insulin is present:
- it counters hyperglycemia
- increases glucose transport into cells
- increases glycogenesis
- inhibits gluconeogenesis
True
70
During hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases _______.
Glucagon
71
What is the main function of glucagon?
Increase blood glucose
72
T/F: When glucagon is present:
- it counters hypoglycemia
- increases glycogenolysis
- increases gluconeogenesis
True
73
T/F: During exercise, glucose does not have to be available to tissues.
False
74
During exercise, there is an (increase/decrease) _______ in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.
Increase
75
An adequate plasma glucose level during exercise requires a balance between what two things? (GrblGubm)
- Glucose release by liver
- Glucose uptake by muscles
76
What are the 5 hormones that increase the circulation of glucose? (GENGC)
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Glucagon/Cortisol
77
What 3 hormones cause an increase in glycogenolysis? (GEN)
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
78
Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by which 2 hormones? (GTT)
- Growth hormone
- T3 & T4
79
As exercise _____ increases, ______ release increases.
Intensity ; catecholamine
80
As exercise ______ increases, more liver ______ is used.
Duration ; glycogen
81
_______ enables glucose uptake in muscle
Insulin
82
During exercise, insulin concentrations tend to fall. Why does this occur? (Hint: increase in something)
Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise
83
Due to insulin sensitivity increasing during exercise, there is more _____ uptake into cells with less insulin.
Glucose
84
T/F: FFA mobilization and fat metabolism is not critical to endurance exercise.
False
85
Triglycerides ——> ______ + ______
FFAs ; glycerol
86
Lipolysis is stimulated by:
-
-
-
-
-
- (decreased) insulin
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- cortisol
- Growth hormone
87
Lipolysis is stimulated via ____.
Lipase
88
During exercise, _____ shifts from plasma volume to interstitial and intracellular spaces.
Water
89
During exercise, there is an _____ in plasma volume levels.
Decrease
90
Prolonged running can decrease PV by ____ - ____%.
5-10
91
When plasma volume decreases, it can lead to an ____ in blood pressure & a ______ in heart strain.
Decrease ; increase
92
Which bodily glands are involved in monitoring fluid levels and electrolyte balance? (PpgAcK)
- Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
- Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
- Kidneys (EPO)
93
Posterior pituitary secretes _________ hormone (also called ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin.
Antidiuretic
94
Where is oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone produced?
Hypothalamus
95
T/F: ADH increases water reabsorption by kidneys
True
96
_______: when less water is excreted in the urine.
Antidiuresis
97
The adrenal cortex secretes ________.
Aldosterone
98
Aldosterone effects:
____ in Na+ retention by kidneys ——> ____ in water retention via osmosis
Increase ; increase
99
Kidneys release ______ that targets bone marrow to stimulate ________ production
Erythropoietin; red blood cell
100
_______ are the target tissue for ADH & aldosterone.
Kidneys
101
Kidneys can stimulate the ____________ mechanism.
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
102
T/F: regarding EPO:
- it is not released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys
- Stimulates red blood cell production
- Is critical for adapting to training and altitude
True, BUT EPO IS released.
103
In circulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, renin converts _______ molecule into _____ I
Angiotensinogen ; angiotensin
104
In the lungs, _____-converting enzyme converts ______ I into _______ II.
Angiotensin (all the same)
105
When _______ reaches the adrenal cortex, it stimulates ______ release.
Angiotensin II ; aldosterone
106
The GI tract releases hormones that affect ______.
Hunger signals
107
_______: is stimulated when the stomach is full and it causes the appetite to decrease.
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
108
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released in the _______ and decreases appetite.
Small intestine
109
Peptide YY (PYY) is released in the small intestine and _____ appetite.
Decreases
110
The hormone Ghrelin does what to appetite?
Increases
111
T/F: Adipose is an endocrine organ.
true
112
What hormone is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger?
Leptin
113
Which two hormones regarding calorie intake act in opposing ways?
Leptin & ghrelin
114
_______ people have higher Leptin but are often resistant to its effects.
Obese
115
During acute exercise that is moderate to vigorous in aerobic content, a decrease in _______ temporarily reduces hunger.
Ghrelin
116
chronic exercise:
- does not change _____ response in people who do not lose weight during exercise training
- _____ increases in those who do lose weight.
Ghrelin
