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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system = _____ communication

A

Electrical

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2
Q

Endocrine system = ______ communication

A

Chemical

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3
Q

The __________ system is slower responding and longer lasting than the nervous system.

A

Endocrine

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4
Q

The endocrine system maintains homeostasis via __________.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

T/F: The endocrine system is NOT anatomically connected.

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: An endocrine gland is only capable of secreting one hormone.

A

False

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7
Q

Name an example of an endocrine gland.

A

Pituitary gland

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8
Q

Hormone concentrations in plasma are very ____.

A

Low

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9
Q

What is the range of hormone concentrations in plasma?

A

10^-9 mol/L to 10^-12 mol/L

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10
Q

What are the 3 functions of the endocrine system? (CCM)

A
  • Constantly monitors internal environment
  • Coordinates integration of physiological systems during rest and exercise
  • Maintains homeostasis during exercise
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11
Q

How does the endocrine system maintain homeostasis during exercise? (CR)

A
  • Controls substrate metabolism
  • Regulates fluid, electrolyte balance
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12
Q

What are the 2 categories of hormones?

A
  • Steroid
  • Nonsteroid
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13
Q

Steroid hormones are derived from ________.

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

T/F: Steroid hormones are lipid soluble.

A

True

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15
Q

What are the 4 major glands that secrete steroid hormones? (TOAcP)

A
  • Testes
    -Ovaries
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Placenta
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16
Q

The testes produce which hormone(s).

A

Testosterone

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17
Q

Ovaries produce which steroid hormone(s)?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

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18
Q

The Adrenal cortex produces which steroid hormone(s)?

A

Cortisol & aldosterone

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19
Q

The placenta secretes which steroid hormone(s)?

A

Estrogen & progesterone

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20
Q

T/F: Nonsteroid hormones are lipid soluble.

A

False

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21
Q

Nonsteroid hormones are divided into what 2 groups? (PhAadh)

A
  • Protein/peptide hormones
  • Amino acid-derived hormones
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22
Q

Protein/peptide hormones are commonly found in what 3 areas? (PHPg)

A
  • pancreas
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
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23
Q

T/F: Most nonsteroid hormones are considered to be protein/peptide hormones.

A

True

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24
Q

Amino acid-derived hormones can be found in what 2 places? (TAm)

A
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal medulla
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25
Q

The Thyroid produces what 2 hormones?

A

T3 & T4

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26
Q

The Adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

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27
Q

Together epinephrine & norepinephrine make _______.

A

Catecholamine

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28
Q

Hormones contact all ____ tissues.

A

Body

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29
Q

How do hormone receptors limit effects to specific targets?

A

Using hormone specific receptors

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30
Q

T/F: No receptor = no hormone effect.

A

True

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31
Q

Hormones only affect tissues with _______ receptor.

A

Specific

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32
Q

Hormone exerts effects after ____ with receptor.

A

Binding

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33
Q

A hormone bound to a receptor is called ______.

A

Hormone receptor complex

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34
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are in ______ or ____ of target cell.

A

Cytoplasm or nucleus

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35
Q

Nonsteroid receptors are on the ______ of the target cell.

A

Membrane

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36
Q

How does the hormone receptor complex enter the nucleus? (BIM)

A
  • Binds to DNA and activates certain genes
  • In response, mRNA synthesized within nucleus
  • mRNA enters cytoplasm and promotes protein synthesis
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37
Q

What are the 3 possible proteins derived from the protein synthesis of the hormone receptor complex? (ESR)

A
  • enzymes
  • structural proteins
  • regulatory proteins that alters enzyme function
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38
Q

Receptors on cell membrane —> trigger release of intracellular ________ messengers.

A

Second

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39
Q

T/F: intracellular second messengers intensify strength of hormone signal.

A

True

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40
Q

What are 2 common second messengers? (cAMP, cGMP)

A
  • Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • Cyclic guanine monophosphate
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41
Q

The hypothalamus stimulates release of hormones from ___________.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

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42
Q

The hypothalamus provides ADH for release from ___________.

A

Posterior pituitary gland

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43
Q

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce?

A

6

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44
Q

Which hormone stimulates cortisol release from adrenal glands?

A

ACTH

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45
Q

Which hormone is known for the acronym FSH.

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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46
Q

Which hormone stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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47
Q

Which hormone controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

48
Q

Which hormone directly stimulates the breast to produce milk?

A

Prolactin

49
Q

Which hormone governs our height, bone length and muscle growth?

A

Growth hormone

50
Q

______ endocrine glands are responsible for ________ regulation.

A

Major ; metabolic

51
Q

What is an important metabolic hormone?

A

Growth hormone

52
Q

The growth hormone effects (PBLPS).

A
  • Potent anabolic hormone
  • Builds tissues, organs
  • Long bone growth
  • Promotes muscle growth
  • Stimulates fat metabolism
53
Q

T/F: Growth hormone is released during aerobic and resistance exercise.

A

True

54
Q

The thyroid gland secretes what 2 hormones?

A

T3 & T4

55
Q

T3 & T4 increase what six things? (MPNGRF)

A
  • Metabolic rate
  • Protein synthesis
  • number and size of mitochondria
  • glucose uptake by cells
  • rate of glycolysis & gluconeogenesis
  • FFA mobilization
56
Q

Where are adrenal glands located?

A

Above each kidney

57
Q

The adrenal gland is composed of what 2 parts? (AcAm)

A
  • Adrenal cortex
  • Adrenal medulla
58
Q

When the adrenal medulla is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system, ______ are released.

A

Catecholamines

59
Q

What is the percentage of epinephrine & norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla?

A

80% epinephrine
20% norepinephrine

60
Q

When catecholamine is released within the adrenal medulla, what 4 things increase? (Hcb, G, L, B)

A
  • Heart rate, contractile force, blood pressure
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Lipolysis
  • Blood flow to skeletal muscle
61
Q

What is an important hormone regarding the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol

62
Q

When cortisol is present, state whether the levels of each statement increases or decreases:

____ in gluconeogenesis for fuel
____ in FFA mobilization

A

Increase
Increase

63
Q

Which hormone acts as an anti-inflammatory and depresses anti-immune reactions?

A

Cortisol

64
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind and slightly below the stomach

65
Q

What are the 2 major hormones secreted by the pancreas?

A

Insulin & glucagon

66
Q

The _____ controls plasma glucose levels.

A

Pancreas

67
Q

During ______ the pancreas releases ______.

A

Hyperglycemia; insulin

68
Q

What is the main function of insulin?

A

Lower blood glucose levels

69
Q

T/F: When insulin is present:
- it counters hyperglycemia
- increases glucose transport into cells
- increases glycogenesis
- inhibits gluconeogenesis

A

True

70
Q

During hypoglycemia, the pancreas releases _______.

A

Glucagon

71
Q

What is the main function of glucagon?

A

Increase blood glucose

72
Q

T/F: When glucagon is present:
- it counters hypoglycemia
- increases glycogenolysis
- increases gluconeogenesis

A

True

73
Q

T/F: During exercise, glucose does not have to be available to tissues.

A

False

74
Q

During exercise, there is an (increase/decrease) _______ in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

A

Increase

75
Q

An adequate plasma glucose level during exercise requires a balance between what two things? (GrblGubm)

A
  • Glucose release by liver
  • Glucose uptake by muscles
76
Q

What are the 5 hormones that increase the circulation of glucose? (GENGC)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Glucagon/Cortisol
77
Q

What 3 hormones cause an increase in glycogenolysis? (GEN)

A
  • Glucagon
  • Epinephrine
  • Norepinephrine
78
Q

Circulating glucose during exercise is also affected by which 2 hormones? (GTT)

A
  • Growth hormone
  • T3 & T4
79
Q

As exercise _____ increases, ______ release increases.

A

Intensity ; catecholamine

80
Q

As exercise ______ increases, more liver ______ is used.

A

Duration ; glycogen

81
Q

_______ enables glucose uptake in muscle

A

Insulin

82
Q

During exercise, insulin concentrations tend to fall. Why does this occur? (Hint: increase in something)

A

Increase in insulin sensitivity during exercise

83
Q

Due to insulin sensitivity increasing during exercise, there is more _____ uptake into cells with less insulin.

A

Glucose

84
Q

T/F: FFA mobilization and fat metabolism is not critical to endurance exercise.

A

False

85
Q

Triglycerides ——> ______ + ______

A

FFAs ; glycerol

86
Q

-
-
-
-

A
  • (decreased) insulin
  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
  • cortisol
  • Growth hormone
87
Q

Lipolysis is stimulated via ____.

A

Lipase

88
Q

During exercise, _____ shifts from plasma volume to interstitial and intracellular spaces.

A

Water

89
Q

During exercise, there is an _____ in plasma volume levels.

A

Decrease

90
Q

Prolonged running can decrease PV by ____ - ____%.

A

5-10

91
Q

When plasma volume decreases, it can lead to an ____ in blood pressure & a ______ in heart strain.

A

Decrease ; increase

92
Q

Which bodily glands are involved in monitoring fluid levels and electrolyte balance? (PpgAcK)

A
  • Posterior pituitary gland (ADH)
  • Adrenal cortex (Aldosterone)
  • Kidneys (EPO)
93
Q

Posterior pituitary secretes _________ hormone (also called ADH or vasopressin) and oxytocin.

A

Antidiuretic

94
Q

Where is oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone produced?

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

T/F: ADH increases water reabsorption by kidneys

A

True

96
Q

_______: when less water is excreted in the urine.

A

Antidiuresis

97
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes ________.

A

Aldosterone

98
Q

Aldosterone effects:
____ in Na+ retention by kidneys ——> ____ in water retention via osmosis

A

Increase ; increase

99
Q

Kidneys release ______ that targets bone marrow to stimulate ________ production

A

Erythropoietin; red blood cell

100
Q

_______ are the target tissue for ADH & aldosterone.

A

Kidneys

101
Q

Kidneys can stimulate the ____________ mechanism.

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone

102
Q

T/F: regarding EPO:
- it is not released in response to low blood O2 in kidneys
- Stimulates red blood cell production
- Is critical for adapting to training and altitude

A

True, BUT EPO IS released.

103
Q

In circulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, renin converts _______ molecule into _____ I

A

Angiotensinogen ; angiotensin

104
Q

In the lungs, _____-converting enzyme converts ______ I into _______ II.

A

Angiotensin (all the same)

105
Q

When _______ reaches the adrenal cortex, it stimulates ______ release.

A

Angiotensin II ; aldosterone

106
Q

The GI tract releases hormones that affect ______.

A

Hunger signals

107
Q

_______: is stimulated when the stomach is full and it causes the appetite to decrease.

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

108
Q

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is released in the _______ and decreases appetite.

A

Small intestine

109
Q

Peptide YY (PYY) is released in the small intestine and _____ appetite.

A

Decreases

110
Q

The hormone Ghrelin does what to appetite?

A

Increases

111
Q

T/F: Adipose is an endocrine organ.

A

true

112
Q

What hormone is released from adipose stores and reduces hunger?

A

Leptin

113
Q

Which two hormones regarding calorie intake act in opposing ways?

A

Leptin & ghrelin

114
Q

_______ people have higher Leptin but are often resistant to its effects.

A

Obese

115
Q

During acute exercise that is moderate to vigorous in aerobic content, a decrease in _______ temporarily reduces hunger.

A

Ghrelin

116
Q

chronic exercise:
- does not change _____ response in people who do not lose weight during exercise training
- _____ increases in those who do lose weight.

A

Ghrelin

Exercise Physiology Lecture (9 decks)

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