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Exercise Physiology Lecture > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things compose the central nervous system?

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
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2
Q

What is the term referred to as neurons responding to stimuli and converting those messages to an electrical signal?

A

Nerve impulse

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3
Q

What is the basic structural unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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4
Q

The neuron has ______ major regions.

A

3

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5
Q

What are the 3 major

A
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6
Q

What are the roles of the cell body?

A
  • Contains nucleus
  • Cell processes radiate out
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7
Q

What are the roles of dendrites?

A
  • Recever cell processes
  • Carry impulse toward cell body
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8
Q

What are the jobs of the axon?

A
  • Sender cell process
  • Starts at axon hillock
  • End branches
  • Axon terminals
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9
Q

Sensory is referred to as _________ signals.

A

Incoming

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10
Q

Motor is referred to as ______ signals.

A

Outgoing

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11
Q

Somatic is referred to as ______ to skeletal muscles

A

Voluntary

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12
Q

Autonomic is referred to as _______ to viscera.

A

Involuntary

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13
Q

What are the 3 MUST’s for the electrical signal between periphery and brain?

A
  • Must be generated by a stimulus
  • Must be propagated down an axon
  • Must be transmitted to next cell in line
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14
Q

T/F: Difference in electrical charges between outside and inside of the cell.

A

True

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15
Q

T/F: The inside of the resting membrane potential is more negative relative to the outside.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the negative charge on the inside of the cell?

A

-70mV

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17
Q

What are the two causes for the inside of the cell being more negative than the outside?

A
  • High Na outside cell
  • Medium K+ Inside cell
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18
Q

When charges across the membrane differ, the membrane is ______.

A

Polarized

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19
Q

RMP is maintained in what 2 ways?

A
  1. Membrane more permeable to K+ due to open K+ channels
  2. Na+ - K+ pump (primary mechanism)
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20
Q

What occurs when inside of cell becomes less negative?

A

Depolarization

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21
Q

What is the term when more Na+ channels open, and Na+ enters the cell?

A

Influx

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22
Q

What is required for nerve impulse to arise and travel?

A

Depolarization

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23
Q

What occurs when the inside of the cell becomes more negative?

A

Hyperpolarization

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24
Q

What is the term used when more K+ channels open and K+ leaves the cell?

A

Efflux

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25
Q

What makes it more difficult for nerve impulse to arise?

A

Hyperpolarization

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26
Q

What is Repolarization?

A

The return to RMP (Resting Membrane Potential) (-70mV)

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27
Q

In what 2 ways does depolarization and Hyperpolarization contribute to the nervous system function? (G, C)

A
  • Graded Potentials
  • Can excite or inhibit a neuron
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28
Q

What are localized changes in membrane potential?

A

Graded potentials (GPs)

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29
Q

How are Graded Potentials (GPs) generated?

A

Incoming signals from dendrites

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30
Q

How do GPs help the cell body?

A

Help by decking whether to pass a signal on

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31
Q

What happens during Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

A
  • Na+ channels open = Na+ influx
  • Depolarization
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32
Q

What happens during the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)?

A
  • K+ channels open = K+ efflux
  • Hyperpolarization
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33
Q

Strong ________ will lead to an ____________.

A

EPSP ; Action potential

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34
Q

What are 4 facts along with a strong EPSP leading to an AP? (R,L,A,M)

A

-Rapid depolarization of neurons membrane
- Last - 1 ms
- AP will be propagated down axon & transmitted to next cell
- Must reach a threshold mV

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35
Q

If GP reaches _____ mV to _____ mV, ______ will occur

A

-55, -50, AP

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36
Q

What is the principle that refers to this statement:

“Threshold mV not reached, then no AP”

A

All-or-none principle

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37
Q

What keeps total of EPSPs & IPSPs?

A

Axon hillock

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38
Q

State the process/stage when given the mV:

-70 to -55mV: ____________, ________
-55 to +30mV: ____________, ________
+30 to -70mV: ____________, ________

A

Depolarizing GP, Na+ influx
Depolarizing AP, Na+ influx
Repolarizing AP, K+ efflux

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39
Q

What 2 characteristics determine propagation speed down an axon?

A
  • Axon diameter
  • Myelin
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40
Q

A ______ axon = a _________ propagation speed

A

Larger ; faster

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41
Q

The myelin’s fatty sheath around an axon is formed by what?

A

Schwann cells

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42
Q

Within the myelin, what are the non-continous spaces?

A

Nodes of ranvier

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43
Q

What speeds up propagation?

A

Saltatory conduction

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44
Q

What is the degeneration of myelin; loss of coordination?

A

Multiple sclerosis

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45
Q

For neurons to communicate, APs transfer form a _________ to _______ neuron.

A

Presynaptic ; postsynaptic

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46
Q

What is the site of neuron-to-neuron communication?

A

Synapse

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47
Q

T/F: AP must travel across synapse.

A

True

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48
Q

Give the pathway of transmitting AP’s.

A

Presynaptic axon terminal ——> synapse——> postsynaptic dendrites

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49
Q

T/F: signal changes form across synapse

A

True

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50
Q

T/F: the correct sequence for neuron-to-neuron communication is:

Electrical ——> chemical ——> electrical

A

True

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51
Q

AP can only move in _______ direction(s).

A

One

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52
Q

Axon terminals contain _________.

A

Neurotransmitters

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53
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

54
Q

________ bind to receptor on postsynaptic surface.

A

Neurotransmitters

55
Q

Neurotransmitters stimulate _______ in postsynaptic neuron.

A

GP’s

56
Q

T/F: If depolarization reaches threshold, AP occurs, and the process does not continue.

A

False; it does continue

57
Q

What is the site of neuron-to-muscle communication?

A

Neuromuscular junction

58
Q

The neuromuscular junction uses _________ as its neurotransmitter.

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

59
Q

Postsynaptic cell in the neuromuscular junction is a what?

A

Muscle fiber

60
Q

ACh binds to receptor at special site also known as the ________?

A

Motor end plate

61
Q

There are _______ known or suspected neurotransmitters.

A

50+

62
Q

Neurotransmitters fall into what 2 categories?

A

Small-molecule, rapid acting
Large-molecule (neuropeptides), slow-acting

63
Q

ACh and norepinephrine govern ______.

A

Exercise

64
Q

ACh stimulates ________, and mediates ___________ nervous system effects.

A

Skeletal muscle contraction ; parasympathetic

65
Q

NE mediates ______ nervous system effects.

A

Sympathetic

66
Q

The brain is divided into what 4 segments?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brain Stem
67
Q

What lobe is the primary motor cortex of the brain?

A

Frontal love

68
Q

The frontal lobe provides conscious control of __________ movement.

A

Skeletal muscle

69
Q

Neurons in the frontal lobe are called ________.

A

Pyramidal cells

70
Q

What part of the brain is where decisions are made about movement?

A

Frontal lobe

71
Q

The Diencephalon contains what 2 segments of the brain?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
72
Q

What is the sensory relay center of the brain?

A

Thalamus

73
Q

All sensory input enters the thalamus besides ______.

A

Smell

74
Q

The thalamus regulates what sensory ______ reaches the conscious brain.

A

Input

75
Q

________ determines what we are consciously aware of.

A

Thalamus

76
Q

What portion of the brain maintains homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

77
Q

The cerebellum is located where?

A

Behind the brain stem

78
Q

Which portion of the brain controls rapid, complex movements?

A

Cerebellum

79
Q

T/F: The thalamus coordinates timing, sequence of movements.

A

False; its the cerebellum

80
Q

T/F: The cerebellum compares actual to intended movements and initiates correction.

A

True

81
Q

The ________ relays information (both ways) between brain and spinal cord.

A

Brain stem

82
Q

The brainstem is composed of what 3 things?

A

-midbrain
-pons
-medulla oblongata

83
Q

_______ is the most common form of dementia?

A

Alzheimer’s

84
Q

T/F: Tau and beta amyloid are contributions to Alzheimer’s.

A

True

85
Q

Astrocyte and microglia

A
86
Q

What portion of the brain is first affected by Alzheimer’s?

A

Hippocampus

87
Q

_______ is continuous with medulla oblongata.

A

Spinal Cord

88
Q

The spinal cord is composed of tracts of nerve fibers that permit _____________ of nerve impulses.

A

Two-way conduction

89
Q

What connects the CNS to PNS?

A

Spinal Cord

90
Q

The _______ connects to brain and spinal cord via ____ pairs of nerves.

A

43

91
Q

Both cranial and spinal nerves directly supply _____________.

A

Skeletal muscle s

92
Q

__________ transmits information from periphery to brain

A

Sensory division

93
Q

What receptors are located in join capsules?

A

Joint kinesthetic receptors

94
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptors are sensitive to ________ & _________.

A

Joint angles & rate of angle change

95
Q

T/F: Joint Kinesthetic receptors can sense joint position and movement

A

True

96
Q

Muscle spindles are sensitve to _________ & ______.

A

Muscle length / rate of length change

97
Q

Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to _________ applied by muscle to its tendon.

A

Tension

98
Q

T/F: Golgi tendon organs provide information about strength of contraction

A

True

99
Q

The Motor division transmits information from ____ to ___.

A

brain ; periphery

100
Q

Autonomic controls _____ internal functions.

A

Involuntary

101
Q

What are 3 examples of exercise related autonomic regulation? (HrBpLf)

A

Heart rate
Blood pressure
Lung function

102
Q

What are the 2 complementary divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system

103
Q

Sympathetic is also referred to as ________.

A

Fight or flight

104
Q

Parasympathetic is also referred to as ______.

A

Rest and digest

105
Q

Which complementary autonomic division prepares the body for exercise?

A

Fight or flight

106
Q

Which complementary autonomic division is active at rest?

A

Rest and digest

107
Q

_________ is the process of communication and interaction between sensory and motor systems.

A

Sensory-Motor Integration

108
Q

There are ____ sequential steps in sensory motor integration.

A

5

109
Q

There are ____ sequential steps in sensory motor integration.

A

5

110
Q

_________ can be integrated at many points in CNS

A

Sensory input

111
Q

T/F: Sensory input complexity of integration increases with ascent through CNS.

A

True

112
Q

________ is the fastest mode of response.

A

Motor reflex

113
Q

T/F: Motor reflex impulse travels up to the brain.

A

False; it ends in spinal cord

114
Q

Reflexes are ____,______ responses to a given stimulus.

A

Instant
Preprogrammed

115
Q

T/F: motor reflex occurs before conscious awareness.

A

True

116
Q

Muscle Spindles are a group of ____ - ____ small, specialized ___________.

A

4-20; intrafusal muscle fibers

117
Q

Muscle Spindles are innervated by _________.

A

Y-motor neurons

118
Q

The _________ of the muscle spindles contains no or few actin and myosin.

A

Central region

119
Q

GTO is a sensory receptor embedded in a _______.

A

Tendon

120
Q

There are ___ to ____ muscle fibers attached to each GTO

A

5-25

121
Q

GTO are sensitive to ________.

A

Tension

122
Q

________ are important in resistance exercise.

A

GTO

123
Q

When stimulated by excessive tension, GTO’s:
- I
- S
-R

A

Inhibit agonists
Safety mechanism that prevents excessive tension
Reduce potential for injury in resistance exercise

124
Q

_________ neuron carries AP to muscle.

A

a-motor

125
Q

T/F: During a motor response, AP spreads to muscle fibers of motor unit

A

True

126
Q

What are the two types of motor control?

A

Fine & Gross

127
Q

Extra-ocular muscles have a innervation ration of __:__.

A

1:15

128
Q

Gastrocnemius has a innervation ratio of __:__.

A

1:2000

129
Q

Gastrocnemius has a innervation ratio of __:__.

A

1:2000

130
Q

Motor response is a _______ of motor units.

A

Homogeneity

Exercise Physiology Lecture (11 decks)

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