Final

Question 1

what layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

Answer 1

retina

Question 2

what is the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

Answer 2

cornea→aqueous humor→lens→vitreous humor

Question 3

what is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?

Answer 3

gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inwards

Question 4

the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as what?

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

cells with specific receptors for a hormone are known as what?

Answer 5

target cells

Question 6

growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin are all secreted by what?

Answer 6

pituitary gland

Question 7

what is insulin secreted by?

Answer 7

pancreas

Question 8

what does insulin do?

Answer 8

prevent too high of a glucose concentration

Question 9

what is negative feedback?

Answer 9

regulates many systems by responding to an action in the opposite way

Question 10

acromegaly is caused by too much of what hormone?

Answer 10

growth hormone

Question 11

where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 11

above the kidneys

Question 12

hormones that are lipid-soluble (pass through cell membranes) and have receptors in nucleus

Answer 12

steroid

Question 13

hormones that act as 1st messenger because they can’t pass through cell membrane and receptors are in membrane of the target cell

Answer 13

non-steroid

Question 14

what is the name of the iron containing protein found in red blood cells?

Answer 14

hemoglobin

Question 15

plasma is primarily made out of what?

Answer 15

water

Question 16

blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow is called what?

Answer 16

hematopoiesis

Question 17

what is found on each level in the hematocrit?

Answer 17

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 18

what is the proper sequence of hemostasis?

Answer 18

blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

Question 19

the process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called what?

Answer 19

agglutination

Question 20

if an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, in which situation(s) can the newborn suffer from erythroblastosis fetalis?

Answer 20

if the mom has already developed Rh+ antibodies and tries to get rid of the baby’s Rh+ blood

Question 21

what is a substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies?

Answer 21

antigen

Question 22

type A blood

Answer 22

A antigens; B antibodies; receive A and O; donate to A and AB

Question 23

type B blood

Answer 23

B antigens; A antibodies; receive B and O; donate to B and AB

Question 24

type AB blood

Answer 24

A and B antigens; no antibodies; receive A, B, AB, and O; donate to AB (Universal Recipient)

Question 25

type O blood

Answer 25

no antigens; A and B antibodies; receive O; donate to A, B, AB, and O (Universal Donor)

Question 26

clear liquid where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended, 92% water, makes blood a liquid, contains a mixture of biochemicals

Answer 26

plasma

Question 27

transport gasses (like oxygen), biconcave disks, no nuclei, elastic and flexible

Answer 27

red blood cells

Question 28

eat bacteria, produce antibodies, squeeze through walls of blood vessels, 5 types

Answer 28

white blood cells

Question 29

cell fragments, close breaks in blood vessels, initiates blood clot formation, no nuclei

Answer 29

platelets

Question 30

blood leaking back through the valves producing an abnormal sound called a what?

Answer 30

murmur

Question 31

which layer of the blood vessels controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Answer 31

tunica media

Question 32

the thick layer of the heart wall that contains contractile cardiac muscle tissue is the what?

Answer 32

myocardium

Question 33

the pulmonary arteries are unique because what?

Answer 33

they are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood

Question 34

what structure divides the left from the right ventricle?

Answer 34

septum

Question 35

contraction

Answer 35

systole

Question 36

relaxation

Answer 36

diastole

Question 37

in which blood vessels is blood pressure the highest?

Answer 37

arteries

Question 38

the path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is what?

Answer 38

heart→ arteries→ arterioles→ capillaries→ venules→ veins

Question 39

what artery has the largest diameter in the body?

Answer 39

aorta

Question 40

which artery takes oxygenated blood to the head?

Answer 40

carotid artery

Question 41

which artery takes oxygenated blood to the muscle of the heart?

Answer 41

coronary arteries

Question 42

deoxygenated blood returning from the body enters the heart through which Vein?

Answer 42

vena cava

Question 43

which vein returns deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle to the right atrium?

Answer 43

coronary veins

Question 44

what is the function of the pulmonary vein?

Answer 44

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

Question 45

what is the function of the superior vena cava?

Answer 45

collects deoxygenated blood from the head and arms and returns it to the right atrium of the heart

Question 46

The mitral valve is also known as the what?

Answer 46

bicuspid valve

Question 47

what is happening in the P wave of the electrocardiogram?

Answer 47

atrial contraction

Question 48

what is happening in the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram?

Answer 48

contraction of the ventricles

Question 49

what is happening in the T wave of the electrocardiogram?

Answer 49

relaxation of the ventricles

Question 50

upper left chamber, receives blood that is returning to the heart

Answer 50

right atrium

Question 51

upper right chamber, receives blood that is returning to the heart

Answer 51

left atrium

Question 52

lower left chamber, receive blood from the atriums and force blood into the arteries

Answer 52

right ventricle

Question 53

lower right chamber, receive blood from the atriums and force blood into the arteries

Answer 53

left ventricle

Question 54

the excess fluid that is forced out of the body tissues back into the bloodstream is called what?

Answer 54

lymph

Question 55

what is the lymph organ that houses t-lymphocytes and is much larger in early childhood?

Answer 55

thymus

Question 56

what is the body’s first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

Answer 56

nonspecific defense, skin, and mucous

Question 57

cells that engulf & digest harmful cells are called what?

Answer 57

phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes)

Question 58

cells that destroy virus-infected cells & cancer cells by attacking the cell membrane causing the cell to burst are called what?

Answer 58

natural killer cells

Question 59

which reacts more quickly, primary or secondary immune response?

Answer 59

secondary immune response

Question 60

list the organs of the alimentary canal

Answer 60

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal

Question 61

when full, the average adult stomach can hold approximately how much food?

Answer 61

a little more than one liter

Question 62

the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the what?

Answer 62

pyloric sphincter

Question 63

the wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that propel contents through the digestive tract is called what?

Answer 63

peristalsis

Question 64

teeth that bite off large pieces of food

Answer 64

incisors

Question 65

teeth that grasp and tear food

Answer 65

cuspids

Question 66

teeth that grind food particles

Answer 66

bicuspids and molars

Question 67

what glossy white covering of the tooth is the hardest substance in the body?

Answer 67

enamel

Question 68

where does protein digestion begin?

Answer 68

in the stomach

Question 69

where do carbohydrates digestion begin?

Answer 69

in the mouth

Question 70

what is the primary function of the small intestine?

Answer 70

absorbing the nutrients from the food, completes digestion of nutrients in chyme, and transports leftovers to the large intestine

Question 71

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

Answer 71

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 72

mixture of food & saliva that is rolled up is called what?

Answer 72

bolus

Question 72

mixture of food particles & gastric juice is called what?

Answer 72

chyme

Question 73

breaking fats down into smaller droplets is called what?

Answer 73

emulsification

Question 74

amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest what?

Answer 74

carbohydrates

Question 75

what is bile produced by?

Answer 75

the liver

Question 76

where is bile stored?

Answer 76

the gallbladder

Question 77

proteins are digested into the building blocks which are called what?

Answer 77

amino acids

Question 78

the first nutrient to be chemical digested is what?

Answer 78

carbohydrates

Question 79

list the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal

Answer 79

mouth→pharynx→esophagus→stomach→small intestine→large Intestine→anal canal

Question 80

2 nostrils that have many hairs where air can enter and leave the nasal cavity

Answer 80

nose

Question 81

throat

Answer 81

pharynx

Question 82

enlargement below the pharynx that has the vocal cords

Answer 82

larynx

Question 83

windpipe

Answer 83

trachea

Question 84

branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs

Answer 84

bronchial tree

Question 85

2 organs in the thoracic cavity that are a major branch of the bronchial tree

Answer 85

lungs

Question 86

air moving in and out of the lungs is called what?

Answer 86

ventilation

Question 87

what happens during inspiration?

Answer 87

air moving into the lungs

Question 88

what happens during expiration?

Answer 88

air moving out of the lungs

Question 89

what are the microscopic air sacs in the lungs embedded within capillary nets?

Answer 89

alveoli

Question 90

what are the lipoproteins secreted into air sacs to decrease the risk of their collapse?

Answer 90

surfactant

Question 91

branches that arise from the trachea

Answer 91

bronchi

Question 92

functions of the kidneys

Answer 92

remove metabolic wastes from the blood, form urine, form erythropoietin, and form renin

Question 93

organs found in the urinary system

Answer 93

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Question 94

what is the functional unit of the urinary system?

Answer 94

nephrons

Question 95

what is the cluster of blood capillaries that filter fluid?

Answer 95

glomerulus

Question 96

what is the number of nephrons each kidney contains?

Answer 96

1 million per kidney

Question 97

what is the nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that filters water & dissolved substances in the blood into the glomerular capsule?

Answer 97

glomerular filtration

Question 98

urine is transported from the bladder to the outside of the body by the what?

Answer 98

urethra

Question 99

what is in the birth canal?

Answer 99

it’s from the womb (uterus) through the cervix, vagina, and vulva during birth

Question 100

what is the organ that is the typical site of implantation of a fertilized egg?

Answer 100

uterus

Question 101

what is the duct that transports a fertilized egg?

Answer 101

fallopian tube

Question 102

what is the organ that produces eggs?

Answer 102

ovaries

Question 103

what is the duct connecting epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

Answer 103

vas deferens

Question 104

what is the organ that produces testosterone?

Answer 104

testes

Question 105

what is the tube that transports either urine or sperm to the exterior of the body?

Answer 105

urethra

Question 106

what secretes milky fluid that neutralizes pH for sperm?

Answer 106

prostate gland