Final Flashcards
what layer of the eye contains rods and cones?
retina
what is the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?
cornea→aqueous humor→lens→vitreous humor
what is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?
gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inwards
the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as what?
hormones
cells with specific receptors for a hormone are known as what?
target cells
growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin are all secreted by what?
pituitary gland
what is insulin secreted by?
pancreas
what does insulin do?
prevent too high of a glucose concentration
what is negative feedback?
regulates many systems by responding to an action in the opposite way
acromegaly is caused by too much of what hormone?
growth hormone
where are the adrenal glands located?
above the kidneys
hormones that are lipid-soluble (pass through cell membranes) and have receptors in nucleus
steroid
hormones that act as 1st messenger because they can’t pass through cell membrane and receptors are in membrane of the target cell
non-steroid
what is the name of the iron containing protein found in red blood cells?
hemoglobin
plasma is primarily made out of what?
water
blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow is called what?
hematopoiesis
what is found on each level in the hematocrit?
erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)
what is the proper sequence of hemostasis?
blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation
the process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called what?
agglutination
if an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, in which situation(s) can the newborn suffer from erythroblastosis fetalis?
if the mom has already developed Rh+ antibodies and tries to get rid of the baby’s Rh+ blood
what is a substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies?
antigen
type A blood
A antigens; B antibodies; receive A and O; donate to A and AB
type B blood
B antigens; A antibodies; receive B and O; donate to B and AB
type AB blood
A and B antigens; no antibodies; receive A, B, AB, and O; donate to AB (Universal Recipient)
type O blood
no antigens; A and B antibodies; receive O; donate to A, B, AB, and O (Universal Donor)
clear liquid where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended, 92% water, makes blood a liquid, contains a mixture of biochemicals
plasma
transport gasses (like oxygen), biconcave disks, no nuclei, elastic and flexible
red blood cells
eat bacteria, produce antibodies, squeeze through walls of blood vessels, 5 types
white blood cells
cell fragments, close breaks in blood vessels, initiates blood clot formation, no nuclei
platelets
blood leaking back through the valves producing an abnormal sound called a what?
murmur
which layer of the blood vessels controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
tunica media
the thick layer of the heart wall that contains contractile cardiac muscle tissue is the what?
myocardium
the pulmonary arteries are unique because what?
they are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood
what structure divides the left from the right ventricle?
septum
contraction
systole
relaxation
diastole
in which blood vessels is blood pressure the highest?
arteries
the path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is what?
heart→ arteries→ arterioles→ capillaries→ venules→ veins
what artery has the largest diameter in the body?
aorta
which artery takes oxygenated blood to the head?
carotid artery
which artery takes oxygenated blood to the muscle of the heart?
coronary arteries
deoxygenated blood returning from the body enters the heart through which Vein?
vena cava