Final Flashcards

1
Q

what layer of the eye contains rods and cones?

A

retina

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2
Q

what is the order of the parts through which light passes as it enters the eye?

A

cornea→aqueous humor→lens→vitreous humor

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3
Q

what is the function of the vitreous humor in the eye?

A

gel-like substance that reinforces the eyeball and prevents it from collapsing inwards

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4
Q

the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are known as what?

A

hormones

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5
Q

cells with specific receptors for a hormone are known as what?

A

target cells

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6
Q

growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone, antidiuretic hormone, and oxytocin are all secreted by what?

A

pituitary gland

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7
Q

what is insulin secreted by?

A

pancreas

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8
Q

what does insulin do?

A

prevent too high of a glucose concentration

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9
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

regulates many systems by responding to an action in the opposite way

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10
Q

acromegaly is caused by too much of what hormone?

A

growth hormone

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11
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

above the kidneys

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12
Q

hormones that are lipid-soluble (pass through cell membranes) and have receptors in nucleus

A

steroid

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13
Q

hormones that act as 1st messenger because they can’t pass through cell membrane and receptors are in membrane of the target cell

A

non-steroid

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14
Q

what is the name of the iron containing protein found in red blood cells?

A

hemoglobin

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15
Q

plasma is primarily made out of what?

A

water

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16
Q

blood cell formation that occurs in red bone marrow is called what?

A

hematopoiesis

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17
Q

what is found on each level in the hematocrit?

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and thrombocytes (platelets)

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18
Q

what is the proper sequence of hemostasis?

A

blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation

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19
Q

the process whereby the binding of antibodies to antigens causes RBCs to clump is called what?

A

agglutination

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20
Q

if an Rh- mother becomes pregnant, in which situation(s) can the newborn suffer from erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

if the mom has already developed Rh+ antibodies and tries to get rid of the baby’s Rh+ blood

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21
Q

what is a substance that stimulates the immune system to release antibodies?

A

antigen

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22
Q

type A blood

A

A antigens; B antibodies; receive A and O; donate to A and AB

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23
Q

type B blood

A

B antigens; A antibodies; receive B and O; donate to B and AB

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24
Q

type AB blood

A

A and B antigens; no antibodies; receive A, B, AB, and O; donate to AB (Universal Recipient)

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25
Q

type O blood

A

no antigens; A and B antibodies; receive O; donate to A, B, AB, and O (Universal Donor)

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26
Q

clear liquid where red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended, 92% water, makes blood a liquid, contains a mixture of biochemicals

A

plasma

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27
Q

transport gasses (like oxygen), biconcave disks, no nuclei, elastic and flexible

A

red blood cells

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28
Q

eat bacteria, produce antibodies, squeeze through walls of blood vessels, 5 types

A

white blood cells

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29
Q

cell fragments, close breaks in blood vessels, initiates blood clot formation, no nuclei

A

platelets

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30
Q

blood leaking back through the valves producing an abnormal sound called a what?

A

murmur

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31
Q

which layer of the blood vessels controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

A

tunica media

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32
Q

the thick layer of the heart wall that contains contractile cardiac muscle tissue is the what?

A

myocardium

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33
Q

the pulmonary arteries are unique because what?

A

they are the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood

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34
Q

what structure divides the left from the right ventricle?

A

septum

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35
Q

contraction

A

systole

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36
Q

relaxation

A

diastole

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37
Q

in which blood vessels is blood pressure the highest?

A

arteries

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38
Q

the path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is what?

A

heart→ arteries→ arterioles→ capillaries→ venules→ veins

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39
Q

what artery has the largest diameter in the body?

A

aorta

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40
Q

which artery takes oxygenated blood to the head?

A

carotid artery

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41
Q

which artery takes oxygenated blood to the muscle of the heart?

A

coronary arteries

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42
Q

deoxygenated blood returning from the body enters the heart through which Vein?

A

vena cava

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43
Q

which vein returns deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle to the right atrium?

A

coronary veins

44
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

brings oxygenated blood from the lungs back into the heart

45
Q

what is the function of the superior vena cava?

A

collects deoxygenated blood from the head and arms and returns it to the right atrium of the heart

46
Q

The mitral valve is also known as the what?

A

bicuspid valve

47
Q

what is happening in the P wave of the electrocardiogram?

A

atrial contraction

48
Q

what is happening in the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram?

A

contraction of the ventricles

49
Q

what is happening in the T wave of the electrocardiogram?

A

relaxation of the ventricles

50
Q

upper left chamber, receives blood that is returning to the heart

A

right atrium

51
Q

upper right chamber, receives blood that is returning to the heart

A

left atrium

52
Q

lower left chamber, receive blood from the atriums and force blood into the arteries

A

right ventricle

53
Q

lower right chamber, receive blood from the atriums and force blood into the arteries

A

left ventricle

54
Q

the excess fluid that is forced out of the body tissues back into the bloodstream is called what?

A

lymph

55
Q

what is the lymph organ that houses t-lymphocytes and is much larger in early childhood?

A

thymus

56
Q

what is the body’s first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms?

A

nonspecific defense, skin, and mucous

57
Q

cells that engulf & digest harmful cells are called what?

A

phagocytosis (neutrophils and monocytes)

58
Q

cells that destroy virus-infected cells & cancer cells by attacking the cell membrane causing the cell to burst are called what?

A

natural killer cells

59
Q

which reacts more quickly, primary or secondary immune response?

A

secondary immune response

60
Q

list the organs of the alimentary canal

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal canal

61
Q

when full, the average adult stomach can hold approximately how much food?

A

a little more than one liter

62
Q

the release of food from the stomach into the small intestine is regulated by the what?

A

pyloric sphincter

63
Q

the wave-like contractions of smooth muscle that propel contents through the digestive tract is called what?

A

peristalsis

64
Q

teeth that bite off large pieces of food

A

incisors

65
Q

teeth that grasp and tear food

A

cuspids

66
Q

teeth that grind food particles

A

bicuspids and molars

67
Q

what glossy white covering of the tooth is the hardest substance in the body?

A

enamel

68
Q

where does protein digestion begin?

A

in the stomach

69
Q

where do carbohydrates digestion begin?

A

in the mouth

70
Q

what is the primary function of the small intestine?

A

absorbing the nutrients from the food, completes digestion of nutrients in chyme, and transports leftovers to the large intestine

71
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

72
Q

mixture of food & saliva that is rolled up is called what?

A

bolus

72
Q

mixture of food particles & gastric juice is called what?

A

chyme

73
Q

breaking fats down into smaller droplets is called what?

A

emulsification

74
Q

amylase is an enzyme that is only able to digest what?

A

carbohydrates

75
Q

what is bile produced by?

A

the liver

76
Q

where is bile stored?

A

the gallbladder

77
Q

proteins are digested into the building blocks which are called what?

A

amino acids

78
Q

the first nutrient to be chemical digested is what?

A

carbohydrates

79
Q

list the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal

A

mouth→pharynx→esophagus→stomach→small intestine→large Intestine→anal canal

80
Q

2 nostrils that have many hairs where air can enter and leave the nasal cavity

A

nose

81
Q

throat

A

pharynx

82
Q

enlargement below the pharynx that has the vocal cords

A

larynx

83
Q

windpipe

A

trachea

84
Q

branched airways leading from the trachea to microscopic air sacs in the lungs

A

bronchial tree

85
Q

2 organs in the thoracic cavity that are a major branch of the bronchial tree

A

lungs

86
Q

air moving in and out of the lungs is called what?

A

ventilation

87
Q

what happens during inspiration?

A

air moving into the lungs

88
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

air moving out of the lungs

89
Q

what are the microscopic air sacs in the lungs embedded within capillary nets?

A

alveoli

90
Q

what are the lipoproteins secreted into air sacs to decrease the risk of their collapse?

A

surfactant

91
Q

branches that arise from the trachea

A

bronchi

92
Q

functions of the kidneys

A

remove metabolic wastes from the blood, form urine, form erythropoietin, and form renin

93
Q

organs found in the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

94
Q

what is the functional unit of the urinary system?

A

nephrons

95
Q

what is the cluster of blood capillaries that filter fluid?

A

glomerulus

96
Q

what is the number of nephrons each kidney contains?

A

1 million per kidney

97
Q

what is the nonselective, passive process performed by the glomerulus that filters water & dissolved substances in the blood into the glomerular capsule?

A

glomerular filtration

98
Q

urine is transported from the bladder to the outside of the body by the what?

A

urethra

99
Q

what is in the birth canal?

A

it’s from the womb (uterus) through the cervix, vagina, and vulva during birth

100
Q

what is the organ that is the typical site of implantation of a fertilized egg?

A

uterus

101
Q

what is the duct that transports a fertilized egg?

A

fallopian tube

102
Q

what is the organ that produces eggs?

A

ovaries

103
Q

what is the duct connecting epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

vas deferens

104
Q

what is the organ that produces testosterone?

A

testes

105
Q

what is the tube that transports either urine or sperm to the exterior of the body?

A

urethra

106
Q

what secretes milky fluid that neutralizes pH for sperm?

A

prostate gland