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Anatomy > Blood Test > Flashcards

Blood Test Flashcards

1
Q

how much blood does the average human have?

A

5 liters

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2
Q

what kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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3
Q

what makes up a hematocrit?

A

the solid portion (cells) of blood

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4
Q

what percent of blood is made of formed elements

A

45%

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5
Q

what is another name for a red blood cell?

A

erythrocyte

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6
Q

describe the structure/shape of red blood cells and how does this relate to their function

A

they are biconcave disks that are thin near the center and get thicker towards the outside of the cell. this helps gas transportation because of the increase in surface area and it makes it flexible to pass through small blood vessels

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7
Q

what is the average lifespan of a red blood cell

A

120 days

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8
Q

where is hemoglobin found and what does it carry

A

it’s found in the red blood cells and it carries oxygen

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9
Q

why does blood change color?

A

because hemoglobin carrying oxygen causes the blood to be bright red, and hemoglobin that has released its oxygen causes the blood to be dark red

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10
Q

break down (phagocytize) damaged cells

A

macrophage

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11
Q

formation of red blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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12
Q

explain the negative feedback cycle of red blood cell formation and what hormone is responsible

A

the hormone erythropoietin is responsible for the negative feedback mechanism by releasing it when oxygen levels are low in the blood, and stopping the production of erythropoietin when the oxygen levels are high in the blood.

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13
Q

what 3 vitamins/minerals are required for healthy red blood cell production?

A

iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid

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14
Q

when the body has too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin

A

anemia

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15
Q

describe the structure/shape of of sickle cells and how does this affect its function?

A

they are shaped like a boomerang instead of disk shaped. this causes them to not effectively carry oxygen and it can get stuck in the blood vessels

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16
Q

what is another name for a white blood cell?

A

leukocyte

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17
Q

what is it called if you have too many white blood cells or too few

A

if you have too many, then you have leukocytosis. if you have too few, then you have leukopenia

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18
Q

lists percentages of the types of leukocytes (WBC) in a blood sample

A

differential white blood cell count

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19
Q

what is the function of a lymphocyte?

A

it is responsible for immunity by producing antibodies that only attack specific foreign substances

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20
Q

the ingestion of bacteria

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

increases blood flow to injured tissues

A

histamine

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22
Q

greater than 10,000 WBC per cubic mm of blood

A

leukocytosis

23
Q

levels of WBC below 5,000 per cubic mm of blood

A

leukopenia

24
Q

what is another name for a platelet?

A

thrombocyte

25
Q

what are 2 characteristics of platelets?

A

cell fragments and have no nucleus

26
Q

what is the function of a platelet?

A

helps close breaks in the blood vessels and initiates blood clot formation

27
Q

how is a platelet created?

A

from large cells in the red bone marrow called megakaryocytes that shatter

28
Q

what percentage of plasma is water?

A

92%

29
Q

what is the function of fibrinogen

A

it helps blood coagulation

30
Q

has a high concentration of cholesterol which can be bad

A

LDL

31
Q

has a high concentration of protein (low concentration of lipids) which can be good

A

HDL

32
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostasis

33
Q

contraction of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel

A

vasospasm

34
Q

it will control blood loss from a small break, it can’t control blood loss from a large break, and this happens because of platelets sticking together to form a platelet plug

A

platelet plug formation

35
Q

describe the positive feedback system of blood clotting

A

if the injury is small, then only a small amount of clotting factors are secreted. if the injury is large, then a large amount of clotting factors are synthesized

36
Q

what is the function of a thrombin thread?

A

traps red blood cells and platelets which forms a blood clot

37
Q

plasma without clotting factors

A

serum

38
Q

hardening of the arteries

A

atherosclerosis

39
Q

a blood clot that forms unnaturally

A

thrombus

40
Q

a part of a blood clot that breaks off or dislodges into the blood flow

A

embolus

41
Q

when an embolus lodges within a vessel and blocks blood supply

A

embolism

42
Q

missing the blood clotting factor and body can’t convert fibrinogen into fibrin

A

hemophilia

43
Q

the clumping of red blood cells

A

agglutination

44
Q

type A antigens and antibodies

A

A antigens; B antibodies

45
Q

blood that type A can receive and donate to

A

can receive A and O; can donate to A and AB

46
Q

type B antigens and antibodies

A

B antigens; A antibodies

47
Q

blood that type B can receive and donate to

A

can receive B and O; can donate to B and AB

48
Q

type AB antigens and antibodies

A

A and B antigens; no antibodies

49
Q

blood that type AB can receive and donate to

A

can receive A, B, AB, and O; can donate to AB

50
Q

type O antigens and antibodies

A

no antigens; A and B antibodies

51
Q

blood that type O can receive and donate to

A

can receive O; can donate to A, B, AB, and O

52
Q

which blood type is the universal donor?

A

type O because it doesn’t have any antigens, so the other blood types’ antibodies won’t cause agglutination because there wouldn’t be antigens to react with

53
Q

which blood type is the universal recipient?

A

type AB because it has both A and B antigens and no antibodies, so it can receive any blood type because it won’t cause agglutination because of the lack of antibodies

54
Q

what is erythroblastosis fetalis and when is it a problem?

A

it is when a woman who already has developed Rh antibodies becomes pregnant with a 2nd Rh positive baby, which can destroy the baby’s red blood cells. it becomes a problem when the mom develops the Rh antibodies

Anatomy (41 decks)

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