Feb 3 Flashcards
perceived partner responsiveness
the feeling that someone TRULY LISTENS, UNDERSTANDS and CARES about you
key ingredients of a supportive response
- UNDERSTANDING: accurately grasping the other person’s thoughts, feelings and experiences
- VALIDATION: communicating acceptance and appreciation for the other person’s perspective and personal qualities
- CARING: demonstrating genuine concern and showing up when help is needed
high responsiveness leads to…
- stronger trust, emotional closeness, commitment
- greater satisfaction in relationships, fulfilling the need for relatedness
exchange relationships
transactional
based on reciprocity
communal relationships
based on mutual care and concern
key differences between exchange relationships and communal relationships
in exchange relationships, people don’t feel obligated to care about the other’s needs beyond fairness
in communal relationships, people monitor and respond to each other’s needs without expecting direct repayment
communal relationships best satisfy need for _________ because…
relatedness
because they provide emotional support & genuine concern
what do people in communal relationships do?
- check in on each other’s wellbeing
- offer help without expecting repayment
- avoid keeping score of favours or contributions
- find financial exchanges (ie. paying a friend for a favour) uncomfortable
fostering relatedness at school and work can involve shared…
shared PROSOCIAL GOALS
shared prosocial goals foster…
deeper bonds and relatedness
some effective prosocial goals include:
- helping each other improve
- offering meaningful feedback
- sharing knowledge or understanding
- collaborating to solve a problem or creating something together
relatedness need satisfaction
- boosts vitality and overall wellbeing
- reduces feelings of loneliness and depression
relatedness need satisfaction leads to…
- increased engagement in school, work or daily life
- lower dropout rates and stronger persistence in school
- greater personal growth, resilience to stress, higher self-esteem
relatedness is key for what?
internalization
explain why relatedness is key for internalization
- feeling connected to others helps us adopt their values and behaviours more easily - especially when we trust their support
- emotional distance prevents internalization, leading to a rejection of other’s values
engagement includes…
- behavioural engagement (effort and persistence)
- emotional engagement (interest and enjoyment)
- cognitive engagement (strategic thinking)
- agentic engagement (initiative and input)
behavioural engagement
effort and persistence
emotional engagement
interest and enjoyment
cognitive engagement
strategic thinking
agentic engagement
initiative and input
autonomy, competence, and relatedness support in relationships and environments do what?
energize engagement and goal striving
“good” days happen when…
psychological needs are met
daily diary studies show that people experience more JOY, VITALITY and LESS NEGATIVE AFFECT when they feel autonomous, competent and connected
study of gym goers: most enjoyable workouts happen when…
we experience high autonomy, competence and relatedness
working out for external reasons lowers engagement and satisfaction
vitality
sense of feeling ALIVE and ENERGIZED
happens when psychological needs are satisfied
spectrum of motivation
goes from AMOTIVATION to, EXTRINSIC, to INSTRINSIC MOTIVATION
amotivation = non-self determined
intrinsic motivation = self-determined
spectrum of extrinsic motivation
organized from no level of autonomy to highest level of autonomy
no autonomy: EXTERNAL REGULATION
moderrate autonomy: INTROJECTED REGULATION
high autonomy: IDENTIFIED REGULATION
highest autonomy: INTEGRATED REGULATION
extrinsic motivation spectrum: EXTERNAL REGULATION
no autonomy
external contingency at stake: incentives, consequences
ie. “the reason I recycle is to get or avoid a consequence (make 5 cents or avoid a fine)”
not a great long term motivator
relative to other forms of extrinsic motivation, linked to lower engagement & poorer performance
extrinsic motivation spectrum: INTROJECTED REGULATION
slightly autonomous
the taking in, but not truly accepting or personally endorsing, of other people’s suggested ways of thinking, feeling, behaving
shoulds or oughts
PARTIAL INTERNALIZATION
external contingency at stake: avoid guilt
creates inner conflict and tension
the external contingency at stake with introjected regulation
avoiding guilt
ie. “the reason I recycle is because I ought to; I feel guilty if I don’t”
introjected regulation creates inner ______ and ______
conflict and tension
(because it’s based on guilt)
extrinsic motivation spectrum: identified regulation
highly autonomous
voluntarily accepting as one’s own the merits and utility of other people’s suggested ways of thinking, feeling, behaving
external contingency at stake: valuing, sense of importance
ie. “I recycle because it’s important for a cleaner environment”
have internalized the IMPORTANCE of activity, even if we maybe don’t enjoy the activity itself, which makes motivation stronger and more sustainable
the external contingency at stake with identified regulation
valuing
sense of importance
extrinsic motivation spectrum: integrated regulation
fully autonomous
result of INTEGRATION
external contingency at stake: value congruence
“I recycle because it reflects my values as an environmentalist”
integrated regulation is the result of…
integration: fully transforming an identified regulation (way of thinking, feeling or behaving) into the self in a COHERENT and CONFLICT-FREE way
integration
fully transforming an identified regulation (way of thinking, feeling or behaving) into the self in a COHERENT and CONFLICT-FREE way
results in integrated regulation
external contingency at stake with integrated regulation
value congruence
how is integrated regulation different from intrinsic motivation?
because it isn’t an inherently enjoyable activity
but it is fully autonomous
integrated regulation - you started exercising because you knew it was important for your health…
but now it has become integrated
it has taken on a role in your life to the degree that now you see yourself as an athlete
become part of your self concept
why does autonomous motivation matter?
people with more autonomous motivation tend to PERSIST LONGER and PERFORM BETTER in may areas
examples:
- sticking to an exercise program
- eating healthy
- recovering from addiction
- succeeding in school
- maintaining strong relationships
- searching for a job
- engaging in political or religious activities
temperament
an innate disposition that influences how we act & interact with our environment
ie. people may be more introverted or extraverted
evidence suggests there’s a biological component to temperament
biological component of temperament example
for introversion/extraversion
estimated heritability of 40-60%
heritability
how much variation among individuals may be attributed to genetic factors
key tenet of humanistic psychology
denying one’s true authentic self in favour of fitting into cultural norms puts wellbeing at risk
research example of the negative impacts of denying one’s true authentic self
significant discrepancies between one’s CHILDHOOD TEMPERAMENT and ADULT BEHAVIOUR can lead to psychological maladjustment
anxiety, depression, hostility
natural predispositions (temperaments) may come into conflict with…
societal and cultural pressures
ie. NA celebrates being outgoing, loud - don’t really celebrate wallflowers
individuals who prioritize extrinsic goals over intrinsic ones…
experience higher levels of ANXIETY and DEPRESSION
even if they achieve those goals
(extrinsic goals: money, fame, status VERSUS intrinsic goals: personal development, meaningful social relationships)
individuals who prioritize intrinsic goals over extrinsic goals…
- have lower levels of anxiety
- feel more connected to others
- report greater overall life satisfaction
the more people focus on intrinsic goals, the…
happier and more fulfilled they feel
REGARDLESS of SUCCESS
why do extrinsic goals harm wellbeing? reason #1
extrinsic goals may be HARDER TO ACHIEVE
leading to more frustration and stress
(but the data suggests that even when people do achieve extrinsic goals, they’re still less fulfilled)
why do extrinsic goals harm wellbeing? reason #2
extrinsic goals lead to CONTROLLED, EGO-DRIVEN behaviour
a) focusing on external rewards often leads to PRESSURED, EGO-INVOLVING behaviours - rather than authentic, self-fulfilling experiences
b) people who pursued extrinsic goals reported spending more time on DISTRACTING ACTIVITIES like smoking or watching TV
c) those focused on intrinsic goals were more likely to engage in MEANINGFUL ACTIVITIES, like helping friends or reflecting on the future
why do extrinsic goals harm wellbeing? reason #3
focus on extrinsic goals may reflect COMPENSATION FOR UNMET EMOTIONAL NEEDS
studies found that young adults who placed high importance on financial success often had less nurturing, more controlling parents
conditional regard
practice in which parents, educators, relationship partners etc make their AFFECTION, ESTEEM, ATTENTION & ACCEPTANCE contingent on an individual’s compliance with their expectations and values
acceptance used as a COMMODITY in attempt to motivate others/to control their behaviour
UNDERMINES AUTONOMY
conditional positive regard (CPR)
offering more warmth/approval when someone complies with expectations
conditional negative regard (CNR)
withdrawing warmth/approval when someone doesn’t meet expectations
conditional regard creates conflict between…
needs autonomy and relatedness
how does conditional regard undermine autonomy?
creates EXTERNAL PRESSURE, forcing people to act to gain approval rather than acting freely
can lead to doing things that go against personal interests
prolonged exposure to conditional regard can…
- BLOCK DEVELOPMENT OF AUTHENTIC INNER COMPASS
- promotes introjected values
which of the two conditional regards tends to be more harmful?
although both conditional positive and conditional negative regard are harmful
conditional negative regard tends to cause STRONGER FRUSTRATION and EMOTIONAL STRAIN compared to conditional positive regard
(CPR) while giving more affection/warmth when someone complies with expectations can temporarily fulfill…
the need for relatedness…
- affection is UNCERTAIN and CAN DISAPPEAR if expectations aren’t met
- this leads to RESENTMENT and HIDDEN AMBIVALENCE, which undermine authentic connection
(CNR) withdrawing affection when expectations aren’t met has what impact on relatedness?
a stronger NEGATIVE IMPACT
CNR leads to LOW WARMTH and NO HOPE FOR DEEPER CONNECTION
creates fear of abandonment
CNR in parent-child and romantic relationships leads to…
lower relatedness satisfaction
conditional regard (particularly CPR) may lead to more of what?
BEHAVIOURAL COMPLIANCE
ie. college students of parents who use CPR are more likely to meet expectations in areas like athletics and academics
ie. students whose teachers use CPR are more engaged in classwork
however, conditional regard produces INTROJECTED INTERNALIZATION rather than full internalization, and leads to CONTROLLED BEHAVIOUR and a sense of PRESSURE
CNR (love withdrawal) > ________-based motivation
avoidance
people comply to avoid losing approval or experiencing rejection
CPR (approval when expectations are met) > ___________-based motivation
approach
people comply to gain approval and validation
overuse of CNR can lead to…
amotivation - people stop trying altogether because the COST OF FAILURE feels too HIGH
fosters resent and hopelessness
overuse of CPR can lead to…
intense internal pressure to succeed
creates a cycle of stress and self-worth tied to achievement
success brings a temporary boost, but failure can lead to self-doubt
outcomes linked to perceptions of PARENTAL conditional regard in college students
- feelings of guilt/shame after failure
- extreme fluctuations in self-esteem
- short-lived satisfaction following success
teachers’ and parents’ reliance on CPR linked to…
- lower agentic engagement
- focus on grades rather than mastery of material and interest-focused engagement
- strong negative reactions & combativeness in response to negative feedback
- academic over0striving (investing a lot of time studying what’s already known)
- academic dishonesty
perfectionism
personality trait that involves combo of:
- excessively high personal standards
- overly critical self-evaluation
self-critical perfectionism
characterized by:
- HARSH SELF SCRUTINY
- overly critical self evaluation
- concern about social criticism
- inability to derive satisfaction from success
self-critical perfectionism is associated with…
anxiety and depression
prospectively predicts increases in depressive symptoms (may be a causal factor)
narcissistic perfectionism
type of narcissism focused on PROJECTING IMAGE OF PERFECTION to others
linked to grandiosity, entitlement, extremely high expectations of other people
narcissistic perfectionism is associated with…
proneness to ANGER and HOSTILITY
interpersonal CONFLICT
self critical perfectionism and (to a lesser extent) narcissistic perfectionism are linked to…
parental conditional regard in adolescents
self-actualization
ongoing, developmental process in which individuals FULLY REALIZE and express their TRUE POTENTIAL in line with their true and authentic self
self-actualization involves…
- personal growth
- integration of the self
- autonomous self-regulation
- pursuit of intrinsic, meaningful goals
3 themes of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
- the lower the need is in the hierarchy, the STRONGER and MORE URGENTLY it is FELT
- the lower the need is in the hierarchy, the SOONER it appears in DEVELOPMENT
- needs in the hierarchy are FULFILLED SEQUENTIALLY from lowest to highest
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
goes from survival needs (bottom) to growth needs (top)
from bottom to top…
- PHYSIOLOGICAL needs
- SAFETY and SECURITY needs
- LOVE and BELONGINGNESS needs
- ESTEEM needs
- SELF-ACTUALIZATION needs
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: deficiency and growth motivation needs
1-4 are deficiency motivation needs
5 (self-actualization) is a growth motivation need
evaluating Maslow’s hierarchy
it has BROAD APPEAL - intuitive, used to advocate for positive change in spheres like education and work
butttt there are criticisms
criticisms of Maslow’s hierarchy
LACKS EMPIRICAL SUPPORT
order of needs may not be as fixed as Maslow suggested
different people and cultures prioritize needs differently
no consistent evidence supporting the developmental order of needs Maslow predicted
Maslow’s hierarhcy - support for a dual-level hierarhcy?
(deficiency needs vs growth needs)
some support
BUT self-actualization is always possible, even in adverse conditions
