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MTLBE > (F) L3: Bioethical Principles and Analyses of Bioethical Issues > Flashcards

(F) L3: Bioethical Principles and Analyses of Bioethical Issues Flashcards

1
Q

Bioethics is a philosophical discipline that deals with the study of the morality of human conduct in relation to _______ in particular and to _________ in general

A
  1. Health
  2. Human life
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2
Q

What are the 4 BASIC Bioethical Principles?

A
  1. Stewardship Principle
  2. Totality Principle
  3. Double Effect Principle
  4. Principle of Cooperation
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3
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

This embodies the concept that we have the obligation to take good care of/improve a thing that was entrusted to us

A

Stewardship Principle

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4
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

Refers to how we are going to take care of our responsibilities as healthcare practitioners in supervising our own work

A

Stewardship Principle

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5
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

Humans are entrusted with their bodies and they have the obligation to preserve and develop it

A

Stewardship Principle

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6
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

MTs have the obligation to participate in advancing and developing the vocation

A

Stewardship Principle

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7
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

Means that the parts of the physical entity, as parts are ordained to the good of the physical whole

A

Totality Principle

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8
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

All parts of the human body are meant to exist and function for the good of the whole body and thus naturally subordinated to the good of the entire entity

A

Totality Principle

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9
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

Deals with concerns about mutilation, organ donation, and transplantation while preserving the sanctity of life

A

Totality Principle

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10
Q

The Totality Principle deals with concerns about mutilation, organ donation, and transplantation while preserving what?

A

Sanctity of Life

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11
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

The patient should have a serious need that can only be satisfied by __________

A

Organ Donation

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12
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

Even if a donation reduces “anatomical integrity”, it should not diminish the “______ integrity” of the person

A

Functional

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13
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

Even if a donation reduces “______ integrity”, it should not diminish the “functional integrity” of the person

A

Anatomical

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14
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

The risk in donation as an “act of _____ should be proportionate to the good resulting for the patient”

A

Charity

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15
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

The risk in donation as an act of charity should be _______ to the good resulting for the patient

A

Proportionate

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16
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

There should be ______ and ________ consent by the donor

A

Free and Informed

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17
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

It should not be _______ for an individual to participate in the medical intervention to be performed

A

Mandatory

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18
Q

Totality Principle (Summary of Moral Teachings):

This is one of the important documents that one needs to communicate to a patient with in order to avoid legal issues

A

Informed Consent

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19
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

Contemplates that it is permissible to cause harm as a side effect of bringing about a good result even though it would not be permissible to cause such a harm as a means to bringing about the same good end

A

Double Effect Principle

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20
Q

Double Effect Principle (Four Conditions):

That the action in itself from its very object be _______ or at least ________

A
  1. Good
  2. Indifferent
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21
Q

Double Effect Principle (Four Conditions):

That the good effect and not the evil effect be _________

A

Intended

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22
Q

Double Effect Principle (Four Conditions):

That the good effect be not produced by means of the ___________

A

Evil Effect

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23
Q

Double Effect Principle (Four Conditions):

That there be a proportionately grave reason for ________ the evil effect

A

Permitting

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24
Q

Double Effect Principle (Four Conditions):

That there be a proportionately ______ reason for permitting the evil effect

A

Grave

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25
Q

Basic Bioethical Principles:

It differentiates the action of the wrongdoer from the action of the cooperator

A

Principle of Cooperation

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26
Q

2 Types of the Principle of Cooperation:

Defined as willing participation on the part of the cooperative agent in the sinful act of the principal agent

A

Formal Cooperation

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27
Q

2 Types of the Principle of Cooperation:

Occurs when the cooperator does not intend the object wrongdoer’s activity but actively participates in the deed by which the evil is performed

A

Material Cooperation

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28
Q

What are the 4 MAJOR Bioethical Principles?

A
  1. Principle of Respect for Autonomy
  2. Principle of Beneficence
  3. Principle of Non-Maleficence
  4. Principle of Justice
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29
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Entails that healthcare professionals should honor the autonomous decisions of competent adults

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

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30
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Comes from the Greek word “auto-nomos” which means “self-rule or self-determination”

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

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31
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Comes from the Greek word “auto-nomos” which means what?

A

Self-Rule or Self-Determination

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32
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

The ability of a person to give consent after due information of medical intervention, however if the patient is minor (below 18 years old) then this principle is exercised by the parents

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

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33
Q

Principle of Respect for Autonomy:

This refers to guardian figures agreeing to subject their children to the specific medical intervention

A

Parental Permission/Consent

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34
Q

Principle of Respect for Autonomy:

Any representative who cares and has custody of a minor

A

Parent

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35
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

His/her ________

A

Rights

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36
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

_________ to be undergone

A

Procedures

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37
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

________ of the study or test to be performed

A

Purpose

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38
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

Potential _________ of participation

A

Risks and benefits

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39
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

Participants must participate ________

A

Willingly

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40
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

These people must receive extra protection

A

Vulnerable populations (those immunocompromised, old age, and suffering from a life threatening condition)

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41
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

The informed consent document must be written in a ________ easily understood by the participant

A

Language

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42
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

It must minimize the possibility of _______ or undue influence

A

Coercion

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43
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

The participant must be given sufficient time to consider ________

A

Participation

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44
Q

Elements of informed consent; informing the participants about:

The process of consenting is ______ and must be made clear to the participant that it is their right to ________ of the study or procedure at any time not just at the initial signing of paperwork

A
  1. Ongoing
  2. Withdraw or opt-out
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45
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Hold that the healthcare system should aim to do good

A

Principle of Beneficence

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46
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

The ethical obligation to maximize benefit and to minimize harm

A

Principle of Beneficence

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47
Q

If there is a conflict between the principle of respect for autonomy and the principle of beneficence, what should prevail?

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

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48
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Requires that healthcare professionals should do no harm

A

Principle of Non-Maleficence

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49
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

This is found in the instructions of the Hippocratic Oath; “primum, non nocere” (first, do no harm)

A

Principle of Non-Maleficence

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50
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Obligation to prevent undue and deliberate infliction of harm on people

A

Principle of Non-Maleficence

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51
Q

2 Types of Harm:

Example: Reusing the syringe from an HIV patient to a normal patient

A

Malicious Harm

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52
Q

2 Types of Harm:

Example: Manifestation of hematoma as a result of poor venipuncture

A

Negligence Harm

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53
Q

Major Bioethical Principles:

Hold that the healthcare professionals should act fairly when interests of different individuals or groups are in competition

A

Principle of Justice

54
Q

Types of Principle of Justice:

Balancing the competing interest of an individual and a group against one another

Example: priority lanes and priority for emergency cases in hospitals

A

Comparative Justice

55
Q

Types of Principle of Justice:

The fair distribution of healthcare services to all

Example: first come, first serve policies

A

Distributive Justice

56
Q

This is an ethical dispute that requires the application of ethical principle for its resolution

A

Bioethical Issues

57
Q

The resolution of every biological issue calls for a complementary standing of LIFE and CHOICE which comes in 2 forms, what are those?

A

Pro-Life and Pro-Choice

58
Q

It is a universally accepted principle that every human being enjoys the right to ______

A

Life

59
Q

Human rights being grounded on ________ law is inherent therefore not a creation of or dependent upon a particular law, custom, or belief

A

Natural

60
Q

Human rights precedes and transcends any ______ or ______ of men

A
  1. Authority
  2. Laws
61
Q

This demands the respect and protection of life

A

Pro-Life

62
Q

This attempts to calibrate the extent of respect and protection due to life

A

Pro-Choice

63
Q

This requires the application of ethical principles to a certain ethical inquiry

A

Bioethical Issues

64
Q

This is primarily concerned with the interpretation or application of the law, particularly to a certain given fact

A

Legal Issue

65
Q

What are the 2 bioethical issues that fall under the category of “destruction of life”?

A
  1. Abortion
  2. Euthanasia and assisted suicide
66
Q

What are the 2 bioethical issues that fall under the category of “sustaining life”?

A
  1. Withholding life support
  2. Organ transplantation
67
Q

Abortion

“The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and
shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government”

What law states this?

A

Philippine Constitution: Article 2 Section 12 (Declaration of Principles and State Policies)

68
Q

According to Article 2 Section 12 of the PH Constitution, the state shall equally protect the life of both the _______ and ________

A
  1. Mother
  2. Unborn from conception
69
Q

Bioethical Issues:

The termination of pregnancy before the viability of the fetus

A

Abortion

70
Q

Bioethical Issues:

A willful killing of the fetus in the uterus or violent expulsion of the fetus from the maternal womb which results in death

A

Abortion

71
Q

Bioethical Issues:

Removal or expulsion of an embryo/fetus

A

Abortion

72
Q

Bioethical Issues:

Can be direct, induced, or even be by natural causes/accidents

A

Abortion

73
Q

Reasons for Abortion:

The cause for spontaneous abortions or miscarriages

A

Natural Causes

74
Q

Reasons for Abortion:

Can be intentional or unintentional

A

Overt Acts

75
Q

Reasons for Abortion:

An example of this is elective abortion; when a person arrogates (claim w/o justification) her autonomy in resulting to abortion

A

Performed for Personal Reasons

76
Q

Reasons for Abortion:

For medical reasons; there is an unavoidable result in performing abortion due to conflicting situations between mother and child

A

Therapeutic Abortion

77
Q

In therapeutic abortion, when there are conflicting situations between mother and child, the physician must always be obliged to save who?

A

BOTH

78
Q

In therapeutic abortion, if saving both the mother and child is impossible, the resulting death to one should not be _______

A

Deliberate

79
Q

This is normally invoked by a physician to participate in therapeutic abortion (based on their moral conviction) but may run contrary to the patient rights to receive treatment

A

Conscientious Objection

80
Q

The principle of no abortion in the country is embodied in the constitutional protection of ______

A

Life

81
Q

Bioethical Issues:

Aka “mercy killing”; practice of painlessly putting to death a person suffering from an incurable disease

A

Euthanasia (giving assistance to commit suicide, withholding, and withdrawing life support)

82
Q

Bioethical Issues:

Comes from the Greek words which mean “good death” or gentle/easy death

A

Euthanasia (giving assistance to commit suicide, withholding, and withdrawing life support)

83
Q

What does “eu” and “thanatosis” mean in Greek?

A

“EU” = Good
“Thanatosis” = Death

84
Q

The ethical issue with euthanasia, whether active or passive, revolves around who has the right to determine the ______ or _______ of a patient

A
  1. Death
  2. Survival
85
Q

Type of Euthanasia:

Aka “positive euthanasia”

Actions that speed up the process of dying; physician introduces a chemical agent that results in the ultimate death of a patient

A

Active Euthanasia

86
Q

T or F: Active euthanasia can be performed even without the consent of the patient

A

True (with or without, it can be performed)

87
Q

Type of Euthanasia:

The act of the medical practitioner overrides the autonomy and willingness of a dying patient

A

Active Euthanasia w/o consent

88
Q

Type of Euthanasia:

The role of the medical practitioner is to give assistance to a patient who wants to commit suicide in order to end their suffering; therefore they cooperate with the patient

A

Active Euthanasia w/ consent

89
Q

T or F: Only active euthanasia w/o consent is prohibited in the country

A

False (both kinds of active euthanasia are prohibited)

90
Q

Reasons for why Active Euthanasia is not observed due to ethical and legal complications:

The act of the medical practitioner ______ the right of the patient to self-determination

A

Overrides

91
Q

Reasons for why Active Euthanasia is not observed due to ethical and legal complications:

Their act runs contrary to the solemn oath of __________

A

“Do no harm”

92
Q

Reasons for why Active Euthanasia is not observed due to ethical and legal complications:

The act is not ______ for the patient

A

Beneficial

93
Q

Reasons for why Active Euthanasia is not observed due to ethical and legal complications:

Their act may fail to carry out their duty to ______ life

A

Preserve

94
Q

Active Euthanasia:

A physician’s act is _______ and _______ with the full knowledge that it will cause the death of a patient

A

Willful and Deliberate

95
Q

A doctor who resorts to mercy killing of their patient without the patient’s consent may be liable for ________

A

Murder

96
Q

A doctor who will give assistance to a dying patient,
to the extent of doing the act themselves, is liable for
_________

A

Giving assistance to suicide

97
Q

Bioethical Issues:

Aka “negative euthanasia”; there is no heroic measure taken to preserve life

Death is brought about by non-introduction of medical measures to preserve life

A

Passive Euthanasia

98
Q

Passive Euthanasia is implied/recognized in healthcare settings with the use of what code?

Clue: 2 possible answers

A

DNR or No Code Order

99
Q

This refers to having the rights to waive the procedure of performing CPR as long as there is a waiver

A

DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)

100
Q

This refers to having the right to refuse from the procedures included in emergency cases known as “code blue”

A

No Code Order

101
Q

Bioethical Issues:

The decision of the patient or representative to refrain from giving permission for treatment or care

A

Withholding Treatment

102
Q

Bioethical Issues:

The decision of the patient or representative to discontinue activities or remove forms of patient care

A

Withdrawing Treatment

103
Q

The refusal of the patient or their representative to any therapeutic medical intervention despite such disclosure requires what?

A

A waiver

104
Q

The balancing interests of medical principles in the autonomy of the patient is a _______ consideration in passive euthanasia

A

Primordial

105
Q

This is a written declaration of a patient’s/representative’s last will to stop the pain and to end their (patient) suffering

A

Waiver

106
Q

This must be made in writing, documented, and included in the patient medical record as this will exonerate a medical practitioner to both ethical and legal accountability that will arise from the death of the patient

A

Waiver

107
Q

Without a waiver for euthanasia, a healthcare provider may be liable for _________

A

Medical Negligence

108
Q

Bioethical Issues:

A form of surgery wherein one body part is transferred from one site to another or from one individual to another

A

Organ Transplantation

109
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation:

Tissue is transplanted from one part of the body to another in the same individual

A

Autograph/Autotransplant

110
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation:

Transplant of an organ or tissue from one individual to another

A

Allograph/Homograph

111
Q

Types of Organ Transplantation:

Surgical graft of tissue from an animal is transferred to a human

A

Xenograph/Heterograph

112
Q

The practice of organ transplantation is imbued with ________; the state advocates fair distribution and allocation of transplantable organs to the public

A

Public Interest

113
Q

Bioethical issues ensue when the concept of fair distribution is hampered by acquiring viable organs, especially through the _______ or through _________

A
  1. Black Market
  2. Illegal Organ Trafficking
114
Q

What law was made due to the widespread selling of organs, particularly kidneys, in exchange for a measly amount of money?

Clue: Go back to midterms

A

RA 7170: Organ Donation Act of 1991

115
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Pre-Analytical: Informed Consent

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

116
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Pre-Analytical: All tests benefit the patient

A

Principle of Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

117
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Pre-Analytical: Access to all tests at reasonable costs

A

Principle of Justice

118
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Analytical: Right to decline specimen examined

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

119
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Analytical: Best possible analytical result to patient

A

Principle of Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

120
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Analytical: No discrimination in the examination of samples on the basis of gender, age, or race

A

Principle of Justice

121
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Post-Analytical: Reporting and interpretation of results

A

Principle of Beneficence and Non-Maleficence

122
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Post-Analytical: Residual specimen

A

Principle of Respect for Autonomy

123
Q

Phases of the Lab (Diagram; state what principle is applied):

Post-Analytical: Data Access

A

Principle of Justice

124
Q

What specific case study was this called?

Syphilis was injected into African-American citizens without them knowing

A

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

125
Q

How many participants died in the Tuskegee Study?

A

128

126
Q

What specific case study was this called?

A tranquilizer was used for pregnant women to relieve morning sickness; the drug was approved without a license and therefore the babies born after had birth defects (substance was teratogenic)

A

The Thalidomide Scandal

127
Q

How many miscarriages, stillbirths, and infant deaths were recorded in Britain after the Thalidomide Scandal?

A

10,000

128
Q

What specific case study was this called?

Scientists used chronically ill patients to inject cancer cells into them in order to gauge their immunity

A

Chronic Disease Hospital in NYC

129
Q

What specific case study was this called?

They used children with forced informed consent (will only be admitted to school once they agree to the study); the food was contaminated with the virus

A

Willowbrook State School Hepatitis Study

130
Q

What specific case study was this called?

Was done for Philadelphian inmates; they gave dermal products and skin injections (with monetary incentives) which caused harmful effects

A

Holmesburg Prisoner Study

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