(F) L2.2: MT Code of Ethics (History of Medical Ethics and Development of the Framework) Flashcards
This was written in the 5th century BC which includes “covenants” to Apollo, the God of Medicine, to medical teachers, students, and patients
Hippocratic Oath
This includes clauses on “appropriate/limiting” means, confidentiality, and accountability
Hippocratic Oath
This was the basis of medical ethics with input from Christians, Jews, and Muslims right through to the 20th century; a modern version is still sworn by many medical school students
Hippocratic Oath
These people carried out a range of experiments on human subjects before and during WWII
Nazi clinicians
Aside from the Nazis, other human experimentation projects were also carried out by what nationality and where?
The Imperial Japanese Army in China
Details of the human experimentation projects that were done by the Nazis and Japanese came to light during what event?
Nuremberg Trials
T or F: Human experimentation at the time was considered illegal
False (there was no legal framework for such research yet so it was not illegal)
This code was formulated as a first attempt to address the issues of human experimentation
Nuremberg Code
Nuremburg Code:
How many main requirements did the code have?
10
Nuremburg Code:
Voluntary _____ is absolutely necessary
Consent
Nuremburg Code:
Experiments must yield _______ results not otherwise obtainable by other means
Useful
Nuremburg Code:
______ protocols must be designed to achieve useful results
Study
Nuremburg Code:
Experiments should be conducted to avoid ________
Clue: 2 acceptable answers
Suffering or Injury
Nuremburg Code:
Experiments where there was an expectation of ______ or _______ were not allowed
Death or serious injury
Nuremburg Code:
The degree of risk must be outweighed by expected _____ in terms of solving problems
Benefit
Nuremburg Code:
Good preparation and appropriate _______ must be available
Facilities
Nuremburg Code:
Experiments are to be conducted by _________ persons
Scientifically-qualified
Nuremburg Code:
Volunteers are free to _______ at any time
Withdraw
Nuremburg Code:
The experiment must be ________ if new information makes the research _____ or leads to an increase in the expectations of death/injury
- Terminated
- Redundant
This oath within the declaration of Geneva reinforces the framework of modern medical ethics
Physician’s Oath
The physician’s oath is within the declaration of _____ and reinforces the framework of modern medical ethics
Geneva
This declaration was done by the General Assembly of the World Medical Association in 1964
Declaration of Helsinki
This extended the declaration of Geneva to cover research, diagnosis, and therapy; it also held the same principles as the Nuremburg Code
Declaration of Helsinki
This recognized that all medical procedures (diagnostic, therapeutic, and research) involve hazards and risks
Declaration of Helsinki
This drew a distinction between research aimed at a specific increase in knowledge and pure research; it has been revised many times
Declaration of Helsinki
The Framework for Review of Medical Practice + Research:
This is evidence-based and peer reviewed
Scientific
The Framework for Review of Medical Practice + Research:
The employer must consider legality
Legal
The Framework for Review of Medical Practice + Research:
Must be an independent committee or a professional body
Ethical
The Framework for Review of Medical Practice + Research:
The employer must confirm resources available to ensure safe practices
Logistics
T or F: What is legal is ethical
False (and vice versa)
We must convey information on the benefits and risks of practice to those affected by it for us to get a fully _________
Informed consent
T or F: In terms of the exceptions to confidentiality, we are allowed to tell staff, patients, and the public about the ff.:
- What is not understood
- What cannot be remembered
- What is not believable
- What is not relevant
False (we must not)
Disclosure on Law (A Legal View):
Consent in writing requires that the ______ supporting the statement of benefit and risk is also provided in writing for it to be considered watertight in the law
Data/evidence
Disclosure on Law (A Legal View):
What is the best way to disclose the data in terms of the law?
To not give the data itself, but to state that it exists and that it is available for reading
This can be applied to personal or organizational standards of practice
Professional Ethics
Professional Ethics states that the trained individuals are able to make judgements, choices, or decision that the _______ cannot make
Public
In Professional Ethics, there must be ________ such as honesty, integrity, and objectivity to ensure confidence in the validity of decisions
Core Values
These set down rules (a code) of conduct for members to adhere to, based on the idea of professional ethics including aspects on competency, knowledge, CPD, and fitness to practice
Professional Bodies
The codes of conduct by professional bodies are set down so that the bodies may not be brought into ______ because of a member’s actions
Disrepute
Failure to observe the code of ethics can be referred to the ________ for possible sanctions
Professional Bodies
Duty of Care (Legal View):
If your professional body recommends practices that are not within acceptable standards, what should you do?
NOT adopt it
Duty of Care (Legal View):
T or F: Professional bodies determine acceptable standards of practice
False (they only guide such standards)
Duty of Care (Legal View):
T or F: Neglect of Duty of Care by repetitive non-optimized practice by the professional body ceases to be a legal case of “Neglect of Duty”
False (does not cease)
Refers to professionally accepted standards of personal and business behavior, values, and guiding principles
Professional Ethics
This encompasses personal, organizational, and corporate standards of behavior expected of professionals
Professional Ethics
How the use of knowledge gained from professional ethics should be governed when providing a service to the public is considered a _______ issue
Moral
Why can’t the public make informed decisions the same way professionals do in some fields of knowledge?
The public has not received the relevant training
Codes of professional ethics are established by _______ to help guide its members in performing their job according to sound and consistent ethical principles
Professional Organizations
This refers to a vocation requiring advanced education and training
A profession
Refers to a job that requires specific training and is regulated by certain standards
A profession
He defined profession as a group pursuing a learned art as a common calling in the spirit of public service
Roscoe Pound
Roscoe Pound defined profession as a group pursuing a ________ as a common calling in the spirit of public service
Learned art
This is founded upon specialized high educational training, the purpose of which is to supply objective counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation
Profession
T or F: Professional ethics varies across different cultures
True
Recall the orange diagram in the recorded lecture:
Professional ethics relates to this kind of ethics referring to “outcomes”
Consequences-based ethics
Recall the orange diagram in the recorded lecture:
Professional ethics relates to this kind of ethics referring to “character”
Ideal-based ethics
Recall the orange diagram in the recorded lecture:
Professional ethics relates to this kind of ethics referring to “rules, codes, and standards”
Principle-based ethics
Whose definition of professional ethics is this?
A code of ethics is usually a written document produced by a professional association, occupational regulatory body, or other professional body with the stated aim of guiding the practitioners who are members, protecting service users, and safeguarding the reputation of the profession”
Banks (2003)
This entity stated the ff.:
Teachers will not look upon their work as an unpalatable means of carrying scanty living but as an avenue through which they are rendering significant social services as well as finding some measure of self-fulfillment and self-expression
Secondary Education Commission
Professional ethics gives a certain set of broad principles derived from a spectrum of ______ which are arrived at after deep philosophical reflection on the nature and role of the profession in the _______ of mankind
- Values
- Life
Components of Professional Ethics:
Refers to the facet of moral character and denotes positive, virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, and straightforwardness along with the absence of lying, cheating, or theft
Honesty
To whom does this quote belong to?
“Honesty is the best policy, if I lose my honor, I lose myself”
William Shakespeare
Components of Professional Ethics:
A concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes; the opposite of hypocrisy as it regards internal consistency as a virtue
Integrity
To whom does this quote belong to?
“Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful”
Samuel Jackson
Components of Professional Ethics:
A general quality implemented by a set of policies, practices, and procedures
It allows citizens to have accessibility, usability, utility, understandability, informativeness, and auditability of information and processes held by centers of authority (societies or organizations)
Transparency
To whom does this quote belong to?
“A lack of transparency results in distrust and a deep sense of insecurity”
Dalai Lama
Components of Professional Ethics:
Often used synonymously with answerability, blameworthiness, and liability
Refers to the acknowledgement and assumption of responsibility for actions, products, decisions, and policies, and be answerable for resulting consequences; it cannot exist without proper accounting practices
Accountability
To whom does this quote belong to?
“When a man points a finger at somebody else, he should remember that four of his fingers are pointing at himself”
Louis Nizer
Components of Professional Ethics:
An ethical principle of discretion associated with professions such as medicine, law, and psychotherapy; in business, this is a mainstream adaptation of the “need to know”
Confidentiality
To whom does this quote belong to?
“In intelligence work, there are limits to the amount of information one can share, confidentiality is essential”
Gijs de Vries
Components of Professional Ethics:
A principle of journalistic professionalism; it enables highly accelerated news reporting and delivery
Objectivity
To whom does this quote belong to?
“The belief in objectivity is a faith in facts, a distrust in values, and a commitment to their segregation”
Michael Schudson
Components of Professional Ethics:
This gives a positive feeling of esteem for a person and conduct representative of that esteem; it can be a specific feeling of regard for the actual qualities of a person
Rude conduct is considered to indicate a lack of this component while actions that honor somebody or something indicate the presence of this; its opposite is “contempt”
Respectfulness
To whom does this quote belong to?
“I speak to everyone in the same way, whether he is the garbage man or the president of the university”
Albert Einstein
Components of Professional Ethics:
This is a system of rules and guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior
Obedience to Law
To whom does this quote belong to?
“An unjust law is itself a species of violence, arrest for its breach is more so”
Mahatma Gandhi
