F ... 23 - Angiosperms Flashcards
angiosperms
flowering plants
largest phylum of photosynthetic plants
greatly diverse
angiosperm char
flowering / seed plants vascular plants sporophyte dom heterosporous pollen tube (no flagellate sperm) endosperm via dbl fert seed prod in fruit
angiosperms divided based on what?
two groups, # cotyledons
- moncots (1), eudicots (2)
monocot char
one cotyledon parallel venation complex vascular bundle arrangement fibrous roots floral parts in threes pollen with one pore / furrow
eudicot char
two cotyledons netlike venation ringed vascular bundles taproot floral parts in fours, fives pollen with three pores / furrows
fert in angiosperms
pollen lands on stigma then produces pollen tube
pollen tube reaches embryo sac
dbl fert -> zygote and endosperm
double fert
one sperm nucleus fert egg -> 2N diploid zygote
other sperm fert polar cell with two 1N nuclei -> 3N triploid endosperm
composites
specialized flowers
why so much flower diversity?
pollination
types of pollination
cross
self
cross-pollination
pollen trans to different individual of same species (geneti material exchange)
self-pollination
pollen trans to stigmas of same flower (no genetic exchange)
strategies to avoid self-pollination
timing - male / female mat at different times
morphological - male / female structure prevents poll
biochemical - chemical on surface of pollen and stigma/style prevents pollen tube germ on same flower
Types of pollination
wind water animals - birds - bats - insects --- bees --- butterflies --- moths --- beetles
benefits of wind pollination
no need to attract insects
small flowers on long stalks to catch wind
huge quantities of pollen grains prod
___ and __ of pollen is related to mode of pollination
shape, form
wind pollinated:
- lightweight, small, smooth
animal pollinated:
- sticky, barbed grains
why do animals pollinate plants?
food reward
pollen - high in protein
nectar - sugary sln in flower glands (nectaries)
coevolution
interaxn bt two different species as selective forces on each other -> interdependency.
plants evolve to attract pollinators, animals evolve body parts/behaviors to aid pollination
wind pollinated flowers
small petals
no scent, nectar
small, smooth pollen grains
large anthers/stigmas
insect pollinated flowers
large, bright petals
scent/nectar
large, sticky pollen grains
anthers and stigmas within flower to contact pollinator once inside
bird pollinated flowers
red or yellow flowers little/no odor lots of nectar large, sticky pollen tubular shape with some
bat pollinated flowers
white flowers
open at night
lots of nectar, strong odor
sturdy
bee pollinated flowers
yellow and blue flowers pollen guides good scents lots of nectar and pollen landing platforms
butterfly / moth pollinated flowers
red and orange - butterfly
white - moth
scented
tubular
fly / beetle pollinated flowers
dull strong odor (bad)
insects cheating plants
nectar-robbers
plants cheating insects
insect mimicry
