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Plant Biology > 2 ... 10 - Seeds, meristems, and PCR > Flashcards

2 ... 10 - Seeds, meristems, and PCR Flashcards

1
Q

Four seed functions?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Supply energy
  3. Dispersal
  4. Dormancy
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2
Q

Describe seed dormancy.

A

Prevents seed from germinating until conditions are favorable… can range from few days to decades.

Conditions vary: rainfall amount, temperature, sunlight, digestive systems

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3
Q

Desribe the process of seed germination.

A
  1. imbibing, seed swells, seed coat ruptured.
  2. metabolic changes restart embryo growth
  3. storage materials digested by enymes, nutrients transferred to growing embryo
  4. radicle emerges from seed
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4
Q

Define epigenous.

A

Above ground.

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5
Q

Define hypogenous.

A

Below ground.

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6
Q

Describe how cotyledons are utilized in eudicots.

A
  1. epigenous … nutrients stored in cotyledons; OR active photosynthesizing cotyledons.
  2. hypogenous… nutrients stored in cotyledons.
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7
Q

Describe how cotyledons are utilized in monocots.

A
  1. nutrient absorption and photosynthesis.

2. (COLEOPTILE) : soil emergence and leaf tissue safety

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8
Q

Define organ

A

structure that contains different types of tissues and performs one or more specific functions.

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9
Q

Vegetative organs:

A

root, stem, leaves

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10
Q

Reproductive organs:

A

flower, fruit

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11
Q

Determinate growth program

A

growth/development are limited by genetic parameters

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12
Q

Indeterminate growth program

A

growth/development NOT genetically limited, can occur over extended period of time (as long as environmental conditions are met).

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13
Q

Plants have indeterminate growth due to __.

A

Meristems!

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14
Q

Define meristem.

A

region of undifferentiated cells from which new cells arise.

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15
Q

Properties of meristems:

A
  1. Self-renewal

2. Cell differentiation

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16
Q

Plant cells are totipotent. What does this mean?

A

All nucleated cells have ability to differentiate into any other cell type… or, with some help, into an entire plant.

17
Q

Function of apical meristem?

A

Elongation growth.

18
Q

Types of apical meristems?

A

Shoot apical meristem (SAM)

Root apical meristem (RAM)

19
Q

Apical meristems produce 3 primary meristems:

A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Procambium
  3. Ground meristem
20
Q

Function of lateral meristem?

A

Diameter growth.

21
Q

Types of lateral meristems?

A

Vascular cambium

Cork cambium

22
Q

Protoderm associated with…

A

epidermis… dermal tissue system.

23
Q

Procambium associated with…

A

primary xylem and primary phloem… vascular tissue sytem.

24
Q

Ground meristem associated with…

A

ground tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma… ground tissue system

25
Q

Define meristematic tissues.

A

localized regions of cell divisions; apical/lateral meristems

26
Q

Vascular cambium associated with…

A

secondary vascular tissue

27
Q

Cork cambium (phellogen) associated with…

28
Q

Define quiescent center.

A

relatively inactive region of RAM containing initials.

29
Q

Sections of SAM?

A

Central zone (CZ)

Peripheral zone (PZ)

Rib zone (RZ)

30
Q

CZ

A

Central zone… large, slow division. provides new cells.

31
Q

PZ

A

Peripheral zone… small, fast division. forms leaves and flowers.

32
Q

RZ

A

Rib zone… cells divide and ‘push’ meristem up. forms ground, vascular tissue.

33
Q

SAM organization:

A

From ‘top’:

CZ… L1, L2 (tunica), L3 (corpus)
PZ
RZ (or pith)

34
Q

What happens if you don’t have a meristem?

A

fail to produce and meristem derived tissues…

SAM: no leaves, stems, or flowers.

RAM: no root.

35
Q

What is PCR?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction.

method to copy DNA from single strand

36
Q

Items needed for PCR?

A 
template DNA
dNTPs (nucleotide building blocks)
primers
tube
machine to heat/cool rxn

Plant Biology (18 decks)

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