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Plant Biology > 2 ... 9 - Alternation of generation / early plant development > Flashcards

2 ... 9 - Alternation of generation / early plant development Flashcards

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1
Q

Percentage of plant species classified as angiosperms?

A

75 - 80%

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2
Q

Define angiosperms.

A

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit

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3
Q

Define flower

A

a determinate shoot of the sporophyte bearing modified leaves for reproduction

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4
Q

Angiosperms are divided into what groups, based largely on what?

A

Two groups, based on cotyledon number:

  1. Monocots - one
  2. Eudicots - two
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5
Q

Five key differences between monocots and eudicots?

A
  1. Embryos
  2. Leaf venation
  3. Stems
  4. Roots
  5. Flowers
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6
Q

5 key characteristics of monocots

A
  1. One cotyledon
  2. Parallel venation
  3. Complex arrangement of vascular bundles
  4. Fibrous root system
  5. Floral parts in multiples of three
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7
Q

5 key characteristics of eudicots

A
  1. Two cotyledons
  2. Netlike venation
  3. Ring arrangment of vascular bundles
  4. Taproot present in root system
  5. Floral parts in multiples of four or five
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8
Q

Briefly decribe alternation of generations.

A

Sporophyte generation (2n- diploid) ALTERNATES with gametophyte generation (1n- haploid).

Gametophyte generation produces sperm/eggs… haploid sperm + haploid egg = 2n zygote… zygote begins sporophyte generation.

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9
Q

Reproduction in angiosperms takes place in …

A

the flower!

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10
Q

Male gametophyte development involves…

A

male gametophyte develops in the anther.

Spores -> meiosis -> haploid spores become single pollen grains.

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11
Q

Female gametophyte development involves…

A

female gametophyte developes in the ovules (inside ovary).

embryo sac (contains 8 nuclei from single divided cells) -> become eggs

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12
Q

Define microsporogenesis.

A

Formation of spores within microsporangia (pollen sacs).

Inside anther, sporogenous cells become microsporocytes which divide to produce 4 single-celled microspores.

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13
Q

Define microgametogenesis.

A

Development of the male gametophyte… or microspores into microgametophytes (pollen grains)

Microspore -> mitosis -> two cells: 1. tube cell, 2. generative cell

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14
Q

Define megasporogenesis.

A

Formation of megaspores within the megasporangium

Single megasporocyte -> meiosis -> four haploid megaspores… three disintegrate, one functional megaspore

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15
Q

Define megagametogenesis.

A

Development of female gametophyte.

Process continues when one functional megaspore -> mitosis (3x) -> eight nuclei … arranged in embryo sac (megagametophyte)

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16
Q

Arrangement of eight nuclei in embryo sac?

A

3 remain at micropylar end … 1 egg, 2 synergids

3 remain at chalazal (opposite) end… antipodals

2 at center… polar nuclei, usually fused

17
Q

Double fertilization in angiosperms gives rise to ___ and the ___.

A

zygote, endosperm

18
Q

Describe the proces of double fertilization.

A

Pollen lands on stigma, produces pollen tube… pollen tube reaches embryo sac. Two fertilizations take place:

  1. Zygote: 1n sperm + 1n egg = 2n zygote
  2. Double fertilization: other sperm fuses with polar cells = 3n endosperm
19
Q

General purpose of endosperm and pattern of development?

A

Provides nutrients for developing embryo, after undergoing many nuclear divisions -> multinucleate “supercell” -> cytokinesis -> multicellular.

20
Q

Endosperm in monocots…

A

stores nutrients for use by seedling after germination.

21
Q

Endosperm in eudicots…

A

Reserves of endosperm exported to cotyledons.

22
Q

Initial divisions of embryo…

A

Mitotic.

  1. Apical (terminal) cell divides to form spherical embryo
  2. Large basal cell forms suspensor
23
Q

Define suspensor.

A

an extension at the base of the embryo that anchors it in the embryo sac.

involved in nutrient or hormone transfer between embryo and parent

24
Q

Define cotyledon

A

embryonic or seed leaf involved in nutrient storage or absorption.

25
Q

Define hypocotyl

A

part of the embryo or seedling between cotyledon(s) and radicle.

26
Q

Define radicle.

A

embryonic root

27
Q

Differences in monocot development?

A

Scutellum, embryonic sheaths (coleoptile and coleorhiza)

28
Q

Define scutellum

A

specialized cotyledon with large surface area to absorb nutrients from endosperm during germination.

29
Q

Define coleoptile.

A

monocot embryonic sheath, protects shoot

30
Q

Define coleorhiza

A

monocot embryonic sheath, protects root

Plant Biology (18 decks)

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