Extras

Question 1

Potentiation trio in stomach hormones

Answer 1

Histamine, Ach, gastrin

Question 2

Cell type that secretes CCK

Answer 2

I cells

Question 3

What do SCFAs promote?

Answer 3

Tregs

Question 4

Cell type + cytokines that causes local GI manifestations of food allergy

Answer 4

Th2 -> IL-4, IL-9, IL-13

Question 5

2 examples of IgE mediated allergy and 2 non-IgE

Answer 5

IgE: Wheat allergy, FDEIA

Non-IgE: Cow’s milk allergy, peanut allergy

Question 6

Ig in peanut allergy

Answer 6

IgG1

Question 7

Hunger vs satiety center in hypothalamus

Answer 7

Hunger: lateral hypothalamic area
Satiety: ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

Question 8

three hormones produced by L cells in small or large intestine

Answer 8

1. PPY
2. GLP-1
3. oxyntomodulin
   (All decrease appetite)

Question 9

How do most hormones that regulate feeding work?

Answer 9

Bind POMC and/or NPY neurons to stimulate or inhibit them

Question 10

Two hormones that inhibit ghrelin

Answer 10

Leptin, CCK

Question 11

GLP-1 function

Answer 11

Decreases glucagon secretion

Question 12

SGLT1

Answer 12

Secondary active transporter for glucose and galactose from lumen -> enterocyte

Question 13

Cystinuria vs hartnup disease

Answer 13

Cystinuria: no di-basic AA transporter (cysteine, lysine, arg, ornithine)
Hartnup disease: no neutral AA transporter

Question 14

Four transverse planes in the abdomen

Answer 14

1. Transpyloric
2. Subcostal
3. Transtubercle
4. Interspinous

Question 15

Two muscles that make the inguinal falx

Answer 15

IO + TA

Question 16

What ganglia each set of splanchnic nerves goes to

Answer 16

1. Greater thoracics -> celiac
2. Lesser thoracics -> SM ganglia
3. Least thoracics -> aorticorenal
4. Lumbar splanchnics -> SM, IM, hypogastric
5. Sacral splanchnics -> inferior hypogastric
6. Pelvic splanchnics -> hypogastric

Question 17

Pyloric vs gastric glands in stomach

Answer 17

Pyloric: mucus cells, G cells
Gastric:: mucus, Chief, parietal cells

Question 18

Chief cells vs parietal cells two secretions

Answer 18

Chief -> pepsinogen, lipase

Parietal -> HCl, intrinsic factor

Question 19

Four cells in crypts of Lieberkuhn

Answer 19

Enteroendocrine cells, paneth cells, M cells, intestinal stem cells

Question 20

Three spaces on the anterior abdominal wall between the median, medial, and lateral umbilical folds

Answer 20

1. Supraveiscular fossa
2. Medial inguinal fossa
3. Lateral inguinal fossa

Question 21

Pit cells in liver

Answer 21

Liver NKs