3: Abdominal Foregut

Question 1

Four parts of the stomach

Answer 1

Cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus

Question 2

Level of the esophageal hiatus

Answer 2

T10

Question 3

Hiatal hernia

Answer 3

Part of stomach protrudes through esophageal hiatus of diaphragm into mediastinum

Question 4

Para-esophageal hernia vs sliding hernia

Answer 4

Para-esophageal hernia: fundus herniates, no regurgitation

Sliding hernia: cardia and fundus herniate, some regurgitation occurs

Question 5

What type of hiatal hernia is more commoN?

Answer 5

Sliding hernia

Question 6

Names of the four parts of the duodenum

Answer 6

1st: superior
2nd: descending
3rd: horizontal
4th: ascending

Question 7

Three ligaments of the liver and explain them

Answer 7

1. Coronary: visceral peritoneum reflection from liver to diaphragm
2. Triangular ligaments: left and right
3. Falciform lig: fold of peritoneum caused by ligamentum teres hepatis (round lig of liver)

Question 8

What is the falciform ligament a remnant of?

Answer 8

Left umbilical cord

Question 9

What ligament surrounds the bare area of the liver

Answer 9

Coronary lig

Question 10

Portal triad of the porta hepatis

Answer 10

Hepatic A, hepatic portal V, bile duct

Question 11

Hepatic A vs hepatic portal V

Answer 11

Hepatic A: oxygenated blood from common hepatic A -> liver

Hepatic portal V: venous blood from intestines/stomach/spleen/gallbladder

Question 12

What ligament surrounds the portal triad?

Answer 12

Hepatoduodenal lig

Question 13

Pringle maneuver

Answer 13

after gallbladder removal, if bleeding continues in the area of the gallbladder, the hepatoduodenal ligament is pinched to stop bleeding

Question 14

Cholelithiasis composition

Answer 14

Mainly cholesterol crystals

Question 15

Three places gallstones can lodge

Answer 15

Cystic duct, hepatic duct, hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 16

What happens if the hepatopancreatic ampulla is blocked by gallstones?

Answer 16

Blocks common bile duct and main pancreatic duct -> bile backs up in pancreas -> pancreatitis

Question 17

Path of the main pancreatic duct

Answer 17

Begins in tail of pancreas -> courses to head -> joins accessory duct in the head

Question 18

Sphincter of main pancreatic duct

Answer 18

Prevents bile from entering pancreas

Question 19

What enters the minor duodenal papilla

Answer 19

Accessory pancreatic duct

Question 20

Sphincter of Oddi

Answer 20

Hepatopancreatic sphincter in the hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater

Question 21

Which Artery of the foregut is tortuous?

Answer 21

Splenic A