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GIGU Exam 1 > 2: Development Of The GI System > Flashcards

2: Development Of The GI System Flashcards

1
Q

What action forms the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A

Craniocaudal folding of the endoderm

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2
Q

Six organs formed by foregut

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Liver
  4. Gallbladder
  5. Pancreas
  6. Upper duodenum
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3
Q

Seven organs formed by midgut

A
  1. Lower duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
  4. Cecum
  5. Appendix
  6. Ascending colon
  7. Prox 2/3 of transverse colon
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4
Q

Five organs formed by hindgut

A
  1. Distal 1/3 of transverse colon
  2. Descending colon
  3. Sigmoid colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Upper 2/3 anal canal
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5
Q

BS to foregut, midgut, and hindgut

A

Foregut: celiac trunk
Midgut: superior mesenteric A
Hindgut: inferior mesenteric A

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6
Q

What forms the vitelline duct

A

Yolk sac opening

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7
Q

What the three germ layers of the GI tract form

A

Endoderm: mucosal ep, GI glands
Splanchnic mesoderm: CT, vasculature, smooth muscle walls
Ectoderm: enteric ganglia/nerves/glia, epithelium of lower 1/3 of anus

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8
Q

Two main functions of peritoneum

A
  1. Produces fluid to lubricate peritoneum and minimize friction
  2. Produce Abs, mobilize leukocytes, and localize infection
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9
Q

Boundaries of the epiploic foramen

A

Hepatoduodenal lig, 1st part of duodenum, peritoneum covering IVC and from liver to IVC

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10
Q

Three ligaments that form the greater omentum

A
  1. Gastrosplenic
  2. Gastrocolic
  3. Splenorenal
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11
Q

Two ligaments that form the lesser omentum

A
  1. Hepatoduodenal

2. Hepatogastric

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12
Q

Peritoneal ligaments

A

regional mesenteries connecting one organ with another or to the abdominal wall (named by organs they connect)

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13
Q

3 Peritoneal ligaments besides the ones that form the omenta

A
  1. Gastrophrenic
  2. Transverse mesocolon
  3. Phrenocolic
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14
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Are suspended by mesentery inside the peritoneum

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15
Q

List of organs that are retroperitoneal

A
  1. Suprarenal glands
  2. Aorta and IVC
  3. Duodenum (2nd and 3rd part)
  4. Pancreas
  5. Ureters
  6. Colon
  7. Kidneys
  8. Esophagus
  9. Rectum
    (SAD PUCKER)
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16
Q

Secondarily retroperitoneal

A

Organs that were initially suspended in mesentery but then fused with body wall

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17
Q

Three organs that are secondarily retroperitoneal

A

Colon, duodenum, bulk of pancreas

18
Q

Foregut mesentery vs mid and hindgut

A

Foregut: dorsal + ventral mesogastrium; mid and hindgut only have 1 mesentery

19
Q

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Narrow pyloric lumen due to muscle hypertrophy around it

20
Q

What causes hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

faulty NCC migration-> ganglion cells of enteric NS not properly populated -> Inability of sphincter to relax

21
Q

How many infants are born with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

A

1 in 500 infants

22
Q

Presentation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Presents within a few months of birth with a palpable olive/mass at right costal margin, projectile non-bilious vomiting after feeding, few/small stools, failure to gain weight

23
Q

Congenital anomalies of the liver

A

Are very rare

24
Q

Biliary atresia etiology

A

Obliteration of bile duct or inflammation replaces duct with fibrotic tissue

25
Q

Presentation of biliary atresia in infants

A

Immediate onset of progressive jaundice, white clay colored stools, dark urine, poor prognosis (12-19 month lifespan)

26
Q

How many pts have accessory pancreatic ducts?

A

33%

27
Q

Pancreatic divisum

A

Ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fail to fuse

28
Q

Presentation of pancreatic divisum

A

Mostly asymptomatic, some pts prone to abdominal pain or pancreatitis

29
Q

Annular pancreas

A

Pancreatic ring around 2nd part of duodenum due to poor migration of pancreas

30
Q

Presentation of annular pancreas

A

Duodenal obstruction/stenosis -> bilious vomiting, low birth weight

31
Q

What causes imperforate anus

A

Persistent anal membrane

32
Q

What causes low, intermediate, or high distinction in imperforate anus?

A

Levator ani muscle positioning

33
Q

Other name for Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon

34
Q

What causes Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Absence of ganglionic plexus -> colon fails to relax -> lack of peristalsis; due to failure of NCC migration

35
Q

Presentation of Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Intestinal wall hypertrophy proximal to a ganglionic segment, abnormal colonic dilation or distention (megacolon), failure to pass meconium (first BM of a newborn), poor feeding, abdominal distention, vomiting, jaundice

36
Q

Hirschsprung’s genetic mutation

A

RET gene

37
Q

Hirschsprung’s is the colon equivalent to what other disease?

A

Achalasia

38
Q

Hirschsprung’s in order children

A

Constipation, swollen belly, malnutrition

39
Q

Three types of Hirschsprung’s based on how much colon is affected

A
  1. Short segment disease (85% of cases): rectosigmoid region
  2. Long segment disease: rectosigmoid region -> splenic flexure
  3. Total colonic aganglionosis: affects entire colon
40
Q

Dx for Hirschsprung’s

A

Delayed BM 48ish hrs after birth, rectal biopsy, barium enema

41
Q

Tx for Hirschsprung’s

A

Surgical removal of affected colon segment, pull through ganglionic colon segments

GIGU Exam 1 (22 decks)

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