1: Anterior Abdominal Wall

Question 1

Two boundaries of the abdominopelvic cavities

Answer 1

Thoracic diaphragm + pelvic diaphragm

Question 2

Pelvic inlet

Answer 2

Separates abdomen + pelvis

Question 3

Direction the EO, IO, and TA run

Answer 3

EO: downward and medial
IO: 90 degrees from EO
TA: transverse and medial, some runs towards pubic crest

Question 4

EO O and I

Answer 4

O: outer lower 7 ribs
I: aponeuroses, linea alba, anterior iliac crest, pubic tubercle

Question 5

EO N

Answer 5

Ventral rami T7-12 of intercostal N’s

Question 6

EO action

Answer 6

Compresses abdomen to increase intra-abdominal pressure, moves trunk, retains posture

Question 7

Three things formed by the external oblique

Answer 7

1. Inguinal ligament: from lower portion
2. Inguinal ring
3. Lacunae ligament

Question 8

What does the EO interdigitate with?

Answer 8

Serratus anterior

Question 9

Internal Oblique O and I

Answer 9

O; iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia

I: lower 10-12 ribs, aponeuroses, linea alba, pubic crest

Question 10

IO N

Answer 10

T7-12, L1

Question 11

Internal Oblique action

Answer 11

Compresses and supports viscera, lateral flexion, rotation

Question 12

Two things formed by the IO

Answer 12

Inguinal falx, cremasteric muscle (part of it)

Question 13

Transversus Abdominis O and I

Answer 13

O: lower 7-12 ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, upper inguinal lig
I: linea alba, pubic crest

Question 14

Transversus abdominis N

Answer 14

T7-L1

Question 15

Transversus abdominis action

Answer 15

Compresses and supports viscera

Question 16

What does the transversus abdominis contribute to in the inguinal region?

Answer 16

Inguinal falx

Question 17

Rectus abdominis O and I

Answer 17

O: pubic symphysis, pubic crest
I: xiphoid process, outer surface of intercostal cartilages 5-7

Question 18

Rectus abdominis N

Answer 18

Ventral rami T7-12

Question 19

Rectus abdominis action

Answer 19

Flexes and compresses abdomen

Question 20

Linea semilunaris

Answer 20

Lateral border of rectus abdominis

Question 21

Pyramidis M

Answer 21

Quite small in pubic region, missing in 20% of people

Question 22

Rectus sheath

Answer 22

Fascia and aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles that encompasses the rectus abdominis M

Question 23

Where are RA tendinous intersections? Three levels

Answer 23

Umbilical, xiphoid, and midway levels

Question 24

Which aponeurosis is always anterior?

Answer 24

EO

Question 25

IO aponeurosis

Answer 25

Splits to encompass rectus muscle in upper 3/4ths, lower 1/4 is all anterior

Question 26

Arcuate line

Answer 26

Sharp transition between where all EO, IO and TA aponeuroses become anterior to rectus abdominis

Question 27

Three folds on the internal anterior abdominal surface and what they form from

Answer 27

1. Median umbilical fold: obliterated urachus 2. Medial umbilical fold: obliterated umbilical A’s 3. Lateral umbilical fold: inferior epigastric A

Question 28

2 nerves that traverse the inguinal canal

Answer 28

Ilioinguinal, genitofemoral N

Question 29

What arteries runs along the inguinal lig

Answer 29

Superficial circumflex iliac A, deep circumflex iliac A

Question 30

What muscle does the inferior epigastric A run posterior to?

Answer 30

Rectus abdominis

Question 31

Superficial lymph vessels: superior and inferior to umbilicus drain into what?

Answer 31

Superior -> axillary nodes | Inferior -> superficial inguinal nodes

Question 32

Where are deep lymph vessels in the anterior abdomen

Answer 32

Accompany deep veins of abdominal wall (external and internal iliacs)

Question 33

Iliopubic tract

Answer 33

Thickened transversalis fascia posterior to inguinal lig, reinforces floor of inguinal canal

Question 34

Direct vs indirect hernia location

Answer 34

Direct: through inguinal canal Indirect: through deep inguinal ring

Question 35

What herniates in an inguinal hernia?

Answer 35

Peritoneum/transversalis fascia, spermatic cord

Question 36

Femoral hernia location

Answer 36

Below inguinal ligament

Question 37

Demographics of femoral hernias

Answer 37

More common in women, 40% present as emergencies

Question 38

What level do gonads form at?

Answer 38

T10

Question 39

Gubernaculum

Answer 39

Connects gonads to future scrotal swelling (or uterus in females)

Question 40

Processus vaginalis

Answer 40

Evagination of peritoneal cavity

Question 41

Spermatic cord contents

Answer 41

1. Vas deferens 2. Testicular A/V 3. Pampiniform plexus 4. Gonadal N’s 5. LNs

Question 42

Scrotum and testes lymph drainage

Answer 42

Scrotum -> superficial inguinal LNs | Testes -> lumbar and pre-aortic LNs

Question 43

Cryptorchid testis

Answer 43

Undescended testis -> increased risk of testicular CA

Question 44

Persistent processus vaginalis

Answer 44

Patent connection between tunica vaginalis and abdomen

Question 45

Hydrocele

Answer 45

Peritoneal fluid accumulation within tunica vaginalis

Question 46

How to detect a hydrocele

Answer 46

Transillumination: if light passes thru -> hydrocele instead of hematocele

Question 47

Hematocele

Answer 47

Blood accumulation in tunica vaginalis