Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

SN Pathology final > Extra Q > Flashcards

Extra Q Flashcards

1
Q

Example for Dysplasia

A

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Edema=

A

Increased in interstitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Virchow’s triad

A

Hypercuagulability
Endothelail injury
Stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inflammation that causes blood clot to block a vein=

A

Thrombophlebitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Systemic HTN= ______ mmHg

A

> 140/90mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Etiology of primary HTN

A

95% unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Common cause of secondary HTN

A

Renal artery stenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does Renal artery stenosis leads to HTN

A

Stenosis decreases blood flow to glomeruli
Renin secretion
AT-2 raises BP
Release of Aldos.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Commonly afected by atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aorta
Coronary a
Internal carotid
Popliteal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Complication of atherosclerosis 4

A

Stenosis
Thrombosis
Enbolism
Weakening and aneurysm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Arteriolosclerosis is devided into 2

A

Hyaline

Htperplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Htperplastic Arteriolosclerosis=

A

Thickening of vessel wall by hyperplasia of SMC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Calcification of the media of muscular vessels is called

A

Monckeberg medial sclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Aortic dissection=

A

Intimal tear with dissection of blood through media of the aortic wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In Polyarteritis Nodosa what types of lesions are present?

A

Lesions of varying stages are present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the treatment for Kawasaki disease?

A

Aspirin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Polyarteritis Nodosa classic presentation

A

HTN in young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the early lesion of Polyarteritis Nodosa appear on imaging?

A

String on pearls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Buerger disease treatment

A

Stop smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Churg-Strauss Syndrome?

A

Necrotizing granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils involving multiple organs, especially lungs and heart
Asthma!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In which vasculitis can we find eosinophilia?

A

Churg-Strauss Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In Kawasaki disease involvement of what is common and what does this usually lead to?

A

MI

ילד שנוסע על אופנוע זה באח יגרום לאמא שלו לחטוף התקף לבב

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Henoch-Schönlein Purpura?

A

Vasculitis due to IgA immune complex deposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are fatty streaks?

A

flat yellow lesions of the intima consisting of lipid-laden macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can HTN lead to aortic dissection?

A

Hypertension results in hyaline arteriosclerosis of the vasa vasorum; decreased flow causes atrophy of the media.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is hyperplasia driven by?

Breast during pregnancy

A

estrogen and progesterone produced by the corpus luteum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Inflammation of the breat (4)

A

Acute mastitis, periductal mastitis, mammary duct ectasia, fat necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Breast fibrocystic change will present as what in physical exam?

A

Lumpy breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

For what type of fibrocystic change is there no increased risk for carcinoma?

A

Fibrosis, cysts, and apocrine metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

For what type of fibrocystic change is there 2x increased risk for carcinoma?

A

Ductal hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

For what type of fibrocystic change is there 5x increased risk for carcinoma?

A

Atypical hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is phyllodes tumor?

A

Fibroadenoma-like tumor with overgrowth of the fibrous component

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

biopsy of phyllodes tumor histo features?

A

Leaf like structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the histologic subtypes of DCIS based on?

A

architecture; comedo type is characterized by high-grade cells with necrosis and dystrophic calcification in the center of ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Breast cancer

A 
DCIS
Invasive ductal carcinoma
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Hereditary breast cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Subtypes of Invasive ductal carcinoma

A

Tubular
Mucinus
Medullary
Inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which cancer is the most common invasive cancer of the breast?

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the most important predictive factor for breast cancer?

A

estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu gene amplification (overexpression) status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Antiestrogenic agent=

A

Temoxifen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is HER2/neu?

A

Growth factor-R present on the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Common screening methods include

A
  1. Pap smear 2. Mammography 3. PSA and DRE 4. Hemoccult test and colonoscopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Categories of oncogenes include

A

growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transducers, nuclear regulators, and cell cycle regulators

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Nitrosamines

Where are they found and what cancer they produce?

A

Stomach carcinoma, Found in smoked foods, responsible for high rate of stomach carcinoma in japan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Naplithylamine

Where are they found and what cancer they produce?

A

Urothelial carcinoma of bladder. Derived from cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The cyclin D / CDK4 complex does what?

A

phosphorylates the retinoblastoma protein, which promotes progression through the G-S checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

RET

A

Neural growth factor receptor, Point mutation MEN 2A, MEN 2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

RET

A

Neural growth factor receptor, Point mutation MEN 2A, MEN 2B and sporadic medullary carcinoma of thyroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

How does p53 induce apoptosis?

A

upregulates BAX, which disrupts Bcl2 leading to cytochrome c leaks from the mitochondria activating apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

p53 Germline mutation results in

A

Li-Fraumani syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Hematogenous spread is characteristic of what?

A

sarcomas and some carcinomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are some examples of hematogenous spread?

A

renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, follicular carcimoma of the thyroid, choriocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the target cell type for the immunohistochemical stain of chromogranin?

A

neuroendocrine cells (small cell carcinoma of lung and carcinoid tumors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is the target cell type for the immunohistochemical stain of S-100?

A

Melanoma
Schwannomas
Neurofibromas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is aspirin-intolerant asthma characterized by?

A

the triad of asthma, aspirin induced bronchospasms, and nasal polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is usually the difference between papillomas in adults children?

A

Single in adults

Multiple in children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are the risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma?

A

Alcohol
Smoking
Rarely laryngeal papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

laryngeal carcinoma cancer type

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the most common causes for lobar pneumonia?

A

Strep. Pneumo

Klebsiella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What are the classic gross phases of lobar pneumonia? (4)

A

Congestion
Red hepatization
Grey hepatization
Rezolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What are the causes of bronchopneumonia?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Moraxella calarrhalis, Legionella pnemnophila

61
Q

What does aspiration pneumonia classically result in?

A

Right lower lobe abscess

62
Q

What does primary TB result in?

A

focal, caseating necrosis in the lower lobe of the lung and hilar lymph nodes that undergoes fibrosis and calcification, forming a Ghon complex

63
Q

What does biopsy in secondary TB reveal?

A

caseating granulomas, AFB stain reveals acid-fast bacilli

64
Q

What does chronic bronchitis lead to?

A

increased thickness of mucus glands relative to overall bronchial wall thickness (Reid index increases to > 50%; normal is < 40%)

65
Q

What does inflammation in the lung normally lead to?

A

release of proteases by neutrophils and macrophages.

66
Q

What are the clinical features of emphysema?

A
  1. Dyspnea and cough with minimal sputum 2. Prolonged expiration with pursed lips (pink-pu lier) 3. Weight loss 4. Increased anterior-posterior diameter of chest (barrel-chest) 5. Hypoxemia and cor pulmonale (late complications)
67
Q

HSN I

A 
**Soluble Ag
Ag cross linked IgE on mast cell
Degranulation
Histamine release
Chemokines
Inflammation
68
Q

HSN I examples

A

Allergic asthma

Anaphylaxis

69
Q

HSN II

A

Bound Ag
IgG or IgM binds cell surface Ag
Cell is opsonized and phagocytosed
NK killing or complement

70
Q

HSN II examples

A

Rheumatic fever
MG
Graves disease
Transfusion reaction

71
Q

HSN III

A

Ab-Ag complex activates complement

Attracts Neut.

72
Q

HSN III examples

A

SLE
Polyarthritis nodosa
PSGN

73
Q

HSN IV

A

CD8 T cell kill target cells

74
Q

HSN IV examples 4T’s

A

T cells
Transplant rejection
TB skin test
Touching (contact dermatitis)

75
Q

SLE is type __ HSN

A

III

and also II

76
Q

SLE is associated with what deficiency?

A

Early complement proteins

77
Q

Early complement proteins deficiency in SLE will cause

A

Decreased clearance of Ab-Ag complex

78
Q

SLE symp mnemonic

A

RASH ON PAIN

Rash
Arthritis
Serositis
Hematologic
Oral ulcers
Renal disease
Photosensativity
ANA Ab
Immunologic disorders
Neurologic
79
Q

SLE causes what heart problem

A

Libman Sacks endocarditis

Nonbacterial

80
Q

Whic Ab can we find in Sjorgen syndrome

A

Anti-Ro

Anti-La

81
Q

Sjorgen syndrome=

A

Autoimmune disorder charact. by destruction of exocrine glands by lymphocytic infiltrates
Lacrimal and salivary

סג’ורגן וואלה מייבש את הפה רק לומר את השם הזה

82
Q

Rejection to allografts is a response mainly to ___ molecules

A

MHC

83
Q

What are the types of rejection (4)

A

Hyperacute
Acute cellular rejection
Acute humoral rejection
Chronic rejection

84
Q

Hyperacute rejection=

A

Host Ab binds graft endotheliun
Thrombosis
Ischemic damage

85
Q

Acute cellular rejection=

A

T cell destroy graft parenchyma by cytotoxicity

86
Q

Acute humoral rejection=

A

Ab damage the graft vasculature

87
Q

Chronic rejection=

A

Arteriosclerosis by proliferation of SMC

88
Q

What leads to loss of contact inhibition in neoplasia?

A

Loss of E-cadherin

89
Q

Children cancer incidence

A

Leukemia
CNS
Neuroblastoma

90
Q

Four Carcinomas Rout Hematogenously

A

Follicular thyroid carcinoma
Choriocarcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma

91
Q

Cancer that metastesize to Bone

A 
Prostate
Breast
Kidney
Thyroid
Lung
92
Q

Oncogenes require how many alleles to be damages?

A

One is enough

93
Q

Oncogenes example

A

HER2/neu
JAK2
BCR-ABL
BCL-2

94
Q

BCL-2 is an

A

Antiapoptotic molecule

95
Q

BCL-2 in what cancers?

A

Follicular and diffused large B Cell Lymphoma (BCL)

96
Q

EGFR mutation can appear in which cancers?

A

Lung adenocarcinoma

Epit. tumr of head and neck

97
Q

Tumor suppressor genes example

A

APC
BRCA1/BRCA2
Rb
P53

98
Q

Mutation in APC leads to

A

Colorectal cancer

99
Q

Job of Rb

A

Inhibits E2F

Blocks G1->S phase

100
Q

Mutation in Rb leads to

A

Retinoblastoma

Osteosarcoma

101
Q

Mutation in P53 appears in most cncer but give examples

A

Li Fraumeni synd.: Sarcoma Breast Leukemia Adrenal gland

102
Q

Hereditary cancer syndromes (4)

A 
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Lynch
Li-Fraumeni
Von-Hipple Lindau
MEN
103
Q

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis is due to

A

AD APC mutation

104
Q

Lynch synd. is also known as

A

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorecta Carcinoma

105
Q

Lynch syndrome is due to

A

Inherited mutation in DNA mismatch repair enzymes

עשו לינץ’ לאנזים שמתקן

106
Q

Li-Fraumeni synd is due to

A

P53 mutation

107
Q

VHL is due to

A

Abnormal growth of blood vessels due to VHL mutation

108
Q

VHL symp

A

Most commonly renal cell carcinoma

109
Q

MEN1-

A

Pituitary tumors
Pancreatic endocrine tumors
Parathyroid adenomas

110
Q

MEN2A-

A

Parathyroid hyperplasia
Medullary thyroid carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma

111
Q

MEN2B-

A

Medullary thyroid carcinoma

Pheochromocytoma

112
Q

Zollinger Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrin secreting tumor

113
Q

Define what happens in nephritic syndrome

A

Glomerular inflammation->GBM damage->Loss off RBC into urine->hematuria

114
Q

Define what happens in nephrotic syndrome

A

Podocytes damage->Impaired charge barrier->proteinuria

115
Q

What is pneumoconioses?

A

Interstitial fibrosis due to occupational exposure

116
Q

What is sarcoidosis?

A

Systemic disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas in multiple organs

117
Q

What happens in acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Leakage of protein-rich fluid leads to edema and formation of hyaline membranes in alveoli

118
Q

Why is acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to so many diseases?

A

Activation of neutrophils induces protease-mediated and free radical damage of type 1 and II pneumocytes.

119
Q

What does surfactant do?

A

decreases surface tension in the lung, preventing collapse of alveolar air sacs after expiration

120
Q

Why is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome associated with maternal diabetes?

A

Insulin decreases surfactant production

121
Q

For lung cancer what are are particularly mutagenic? (from cigarrete)

A

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and arsenic

122
Q

Precents of small cell carcinoma of lung

Surgery or chemo?

A

15% of lung cancer

Chemo

123
Q

What are the subtypes of non-small cell carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma 40%
Squamous cell carcinoma 30%
Large cell carcinoma
Carcinoid

124
Q

unique site of distant metastasis is the ____ in lung cancer

A

Adrenal gland.

125
Q

What is the characteristic histology for small cell carcinoma?

A

Poorly differentiated small cells; arises from neuroendocrine (Kulchitsky) cells

126
Q

What is the characteristic histology for Carcinoid tumor?

They are positive to

A

Well differentiated neuroendocrine cells; chromogranins positive

127
Q

What are psammoma bodies

A

Round collection of calcium

128
Q

What are the inflammatory dermatoses? (5)

A 
Contact dermatitis
Atopyc dermatitis
Psoriasis
Acne vulgaris
Lichen planus
129
Q

Atopyc dermatitis

A

Pruritic, erythematous, oozing rash with vesicles and edema; often involves the face and flexor surfaces

130
Q

What is psoriasis due to

A

Excesss keratin

131
Q

Epidermal hyperplasia is also called

A

Acanthosis

132
Q

Blistering dermatoses (4)

A

Pemphigus vulgaris
Bollous pemphigoid
Dermatitis herpatiformis
Erythema multiforme

133
Q

Dermatitis herpatiformis=

A

IgA deposition on the tip of papillae

134
Q

Skin epithelial tumors

A

Seborrheic keratosis
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma

135
Q

Everything about seborrheic keratosis

A

Benign
Elderly
Raised discolored plaques
Keratin pseudocyst

136
Q

Most common cutaneous malignancy

A

Basal cell carcinoma

137
Q

Basal cell carcinoma skin histo

A

Nodules of basal cells with peripheral palisading

138
Q

Most common type of melanoma

A

Superficial spreading

139
Q

Phases of wound healing

A

Inflammatory- PLT,MPH,Neut.
Proliferative- Fibro,myo,endoth,kerati,MPH
Remodeling- Fibroblasts

140
Q

Repair=

A

Replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous scar

When regenerative cells are lost

141
Q

Inflammation types

A

Serous- watery, skin blister
Fibrinous- fibrin, pericarditis
Purulent- pus, abscesses

142
Q

Granulomatous inflamation

A

Type of chronic infl.
Activated MPH
Lymphocytes

143
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

Thymic hypopasia
Deficient T cell maturtion
Volunarble

144
Q

Polycythema Vera

A

Neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells
Especially RBC
JAK2 mutation
Hyperviscosity

145
Q

Essential thrombocythemia

A

Neoplastic proliferation of mature myeloid cells
Especially PLT
JAK2 mutation
High risk for thrombosis

146
Q

Decrease number of Neut.

A

Neutropenia

147
Q

Multiple myeloma=

A 
Overproduction of IgG
CRAB clinical features
HyperCalcemia
Renal involvenet
Anemia
Bone lesions
148
Q

Special feature of megaloblastic anemia

A

Hypersegmented neutrophils

149
Q

GIST

A

GastroIntestinal Stromal Tumor
Mesenchymal neoplasm
Arise from smooth muscle pacemaker cells of Cajal
KIT gene

SN Pathology final (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions