A. II+III Flashcards
Reversible cell injury can lead to the accumulation of
Fat Proteins Glycogen Nucleic acid Pigments Calcification Hyalin
Example of accumulation
Fatty liver
Hyalin arteries
What are the types of fatty degeneration?
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Example for Triglycerides fatty degeneration
Liver
Heart
Example for Cholesterol fatty degeneration
Atherosclerosis
Where can we find hyalin accumulation?
Atherosclerosis
hyalin accumulation will cause the vessel to be
Hard and without elasticity
Narrow lumen
Which pigments can accummulate?
Anthrax
Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin
What is anthracosis?
Exogenous pigment accumulates I.C
What is lipofuscin?
Wear and tear pigment
Yellow–brown pigment granules
Lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion
Where can we see lipofuscin?
Liver Kidney Heart Adrenals Nerve vells Retina ...
How can we distinguish lipofuscin from hemosiderin?
Prussian blue
Hemosiderin is generated from (2)
Breakdown of heme (Iron)
Abnormal metabolic pathway of Ferritin
What is hemosiderin?
Iron containing golden-brown granular pigment
Hemosiderin in heart is called
Hemosiderin Laden MPH (Heart failure cells)
How can we see Hemosiderin?
Prussian blue stain
What are the conditions for dystrophic calcification?
Normal cerum calcium
Normal cerum phosphate
What is dystrophic calcification?
Necrotic tissue acts as nidus for calcification
When can dystrophic calcification occur?
Necrosis
Atheromas
Aging
dystrophic calcification is associated with (4)
Psammoma bodies
Thyroid
Meningioma
Prostate
What is metastatic calcification?
Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue due to elevated levels of calcium
What can cause metastatic calcification?
Hyperparathyroidism
metastatic calcification can cause:
Bone destruction
Vit.D associated disorders
Renal failure
Presence of gallstones is called-
Cholelithiasis
Cholelithiasis happen due to precipitation of (2) + %
Cholesterol 90%
Bilirubin 10%
Risk factors for bilirubin fallstones?
Biliary tract infections
Extravascular hemolysis
Biliary tract infections that leads to gallstones
Ascaris lumbricoides
Chlonorcis sinensis
Define Nephrolithiasis
Precipitation of a urinary solute as a stone
Types of Nephrolithiasis
Calcium oxalate
Ammonium magnesium phosphate (Struvite)
Uric acid
Cysteine
What is the most common Nephrolithiasis seen in patient with Gout?
Uric acid stone
Nephrolithiasis risk factors
High conc. of solute in the urinary filtrate
Low urine volume
What is Amyloid?
Misfolded protein that deposits in EC space (Which will damage the tissue)
Configeration of Amyloid
B-pleated sheet
How can visualize Amyloids?
Congo red
Deposition of amyloid can be systemic or
Localized
Systemic deposition of amyloids is devided into
Primary and secondary
Primary amyloidosis is composed of
Amyloid Light-chain (AL amyloidosis)
Cells that produce Ab do not function properly so the light chain accumulates and produce AL amyloidosis
Primary amyloidosis is associted with
Plasma cell crisis
Secondary amyloidosis is composed of
Amyloid A protein (AA)
What is AA?
Acute phase protein
High in case of inflammation
SAA is increased in what conditions?
Chronic inflammation
Malignancy
Familia mediterranean fever
Clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis
He ToMeR Now
Hepatosplenomegaly Tongue enlargment Malabsorbtion Restrictive cardiomyopathy Nephrotic syndrome
Can we remove amyloidosis?
No
Different organs affected by localized amyloidosis
Senile cardiac amyloidosis Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy Non-insulin depen. DM Alzheimer Dialysis associated Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
Alzheimer associated amyloidosis
AB amyloid deposit in brain
AB amyloid is derived from
B-amyloid precursor protein
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid associated amyloidosis=
Calcitonin deposit within the tumor of the thyroid
Atrophy
Partial or complete wasting of part of the body
Atrophy occurs via decrease in cell size and
Cell number
In atrophy, decrease in cell number occurs via
Apoptosis
In atrophy, decrease in cell size occurs via (2)
Autophagy of cellular elements
Ubiquitin degregation of cytoskeleton
Hypertrophy=
Increased stress on organ leads to increased organ size due to increase in size
Hypertrophy involves (3)
Gene activation
Protein synthesis
Organelles production
Example for organs that cannot go through hyperplasia
Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Nerve
Myocardium goes through hypertrophy when there is systemic ____
HTN
Two mechanism of hypertrophy
- Mechanical- stretch
2. Tropic trigger- Hormones
Hyperplasia=
Increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size due to increase in cell number
Pathological hyperplasia can progress to
Dyplasia and then cancer
Which type of hyperplasia doesnt increase the risk of cancer?
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Metaplasia=
Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type
Classic example for metaplasia
Barrett esophagus
NKSE -> Columnar cells
Metalasia is reversible/irreversible
Reversible
What can reverse Barrett esophagus?
Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux
Barret esophagus can farther progress to
Adenocarcinoma of esophagus
Which metaplasia carries no risk for cancer?
Apocrine metaplasia of the breast
Which vitamin def. leads to metaplasia?
Vitamin A
Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye
Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye is called
Keratomalacia
Dysplasia=
Disordered cellular growth
Proliferation of precancerous cells
Example for Dysplasia
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Dysplasia often arise from (2)
Longstanding hyperplasia
Metaplasia
