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SN Pathology final > A. II+III > Flashcards

A. II+III Flashcards

1
Q

Reversible cell injury can lead to the accumulation of

A 
Fat
Proteins
Glycogen
Nucleic acid
Pigments
Calcification
Hyalin
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2
Q

Example of accumulation

A

Fatty liver

Hyalin arteries

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3
Q

What are the types of fatty degeneration?

A

Triglycerides

Cholesterol

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4
Q

Example for Triglycerides fatty degeneration

A

Liver

Heart

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5
Q

Example for Cholesterol fatty degeneration

A

Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

Where can we find hyalin accumulation?

A

Atherosclerosis

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7
Q

hyalin accumulation will cause the vessel to be

A

Hard and without elasticity

Narrow lumen

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8
Q

Which pigments can accummulate?

A

Anthrax
Lipofuscin
Hemosiderin

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9
Q

What is anthracosis?

A

Exogenous pigment accumulates I.C

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10
Q

What is lipofuscin?

A

Wear and tear pigment
Yellow–brown pigment granules
Lipid containing residues of lysosomal digestion

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11
Q

Where can we see lipofuscin?

A 
Liver
Kidney
Heart
Adrenals
Nerve vells
Retina
...
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12
Q

How can we distinguish lipofuscin from hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue

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13
Q

Hemosiderin is generated from (2)

A

Breakdown of heme (Iron)

Abnormal metabolic pathway of Ferritin

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14
Q

What is hemosiderin?

A

Iron containing golden-brown granular pigment

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15
Q

Hemosiderin in heart is called

A

Hemosiderin Laden MPH (Heart failure cells)

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16
Q

How can we see Hemosiderin?

A

Prussian blue stain

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17
Q

What are the conditions for dystrophic calcification?

A

Normal cerum calcium

Normal cerum phosphate

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18
Q

What is dystrophic calcification?

A

Necrotic tissue acts as nidus for calcification

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19
Q

When can dystrophic calcification occur?

A

Necrosis
Atheromas
Aging

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20
Q

dystrophic calcification is associated with (4)

A

Psammoma bodies
Thyroid
Meningioma
Prostate

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21
Q

What is metastatic calcification?

A

Deposition of calcium salts in normal tissue due to elevated levels of calcium

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22
Q

What can cause metastatic calcification?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

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23
Q

metastatic calcification can cause:

A

Bone destruction
Vit.D associated disorders
Renal failure

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24
Q

Presence of gallstones is called-

A

Cholelithiasis

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25
Q

Cholelithiasis happen due to precipitation of (2) + %

A

Cholesterol 90%

Bilirubin 10%

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26
Q

Risk factors for bilirubin fallstones?

A

Biliary tract infections

Extravascular hemolysis

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27
Q

Biliary tract infections that leads to gallstones

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Chlonorcis sinensis

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28
Q

Define Nephrolithiasis

A

Precipitation of a urinary solute as a stone

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29
Q

Types of Nephrolithiasis

A

Calcium oxalate
Ammonium magnesium phosphate (Struvite)
Uric acid
Cysteine

30
Q

What is the most common Nephrolithiasis seen in patient with Gout?

A

Uric acid stone

31
Q

Nephrolithiasis risk factors

A

High conc. of solute in the urinary filtrate

Low urine volume

32
Q

What is Amyloid?

A

Misfolded protein that deposits in EC space (Which will damage the tissue)

33
Q

Configeration of Amyloid

A

B-pleated sheet

34
Q

How can visualize Amyloids?

A

Congo red

35
Q

Deposition of amyloid can be systemic or

A

Localized

36
Q

Systemic deposition of amyloids is devided into

A

Primary and secondary

37
Q

Primary amyloidosis is composed of

A

Amyloid Light-chain (AL amyloidosis)

Cells that produce Ab do not function properly so the light chain accumulates and produce AL amyloidosis

38
Q

Primary amyloidosis is associted with

A

Plasma cell crisis

39
Q

Secondary amyloidosis is composed of

A

Amyloid A protein (AA)

40
Q

What is AA?

A

Acute phase protein

High in case of inflammation

41
Q

SAA is increased in what conditions?

A

Chronic inflammation
Malignancy
Familia mediterranean fever

42
Q

Clinical findings of systemic amyloidosis

A

He ToMeR Now

Hepatosplenomegaly
Tongue enlargment
Malabsorbtion
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Nephrotic syndrome
43
Q

Can we remove amyloidosis?

A

No

44
Q

Different organs affected by localized amyloidosis

A 
Senile cardiac amyloidosis
Familial amyloid cardiomyopathy
Non-insulin depen. DM
Alzheimer
Dialysis associated
Medullary carcinoma of thyroid
45
Q

Alzheimer associated amyloidosis

A

AB amyloid deposit in brain

46
Q

AB amyloid is derived from

A

B-amyloid precursor protein

47
Q

Medullary carcinoma of thyroid associated amyloidosis=

A

Calcitonin deposit within the tumor of the thyroid

48
Q

Atrophy

A

Partial or complete wasting of part of the body

49
Q

Atrophy occurs via decrease in cell size and

A

Cell number

50
Q

In atrophy, decrease in cell number occurs via

A

Apoptosis

51
Q

In atrophy, decrease in cell size occurs via (2)

A

Autophagy of cellular elements

Ubiquitin degregation of cytoskeleton

52
Q

Hypertrophy=

A

Increased stress on organ leads to increased organ size due to increase in size

53
Q

Hypertrophy involves (3)

A

Gene activation
Protein synthesis
Organelles production

54
Q

Example for organs that cannot go through hyperplasia

A

Cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Nerve

55
Q

Myocardium goes through hypertrophy when there is systemic ____

A

HTN

56
Q

Two mechanism of hypertrophy

A
  1. Mechanical- stretch

2. Tropic trigger- Hormones

57
Q

Hyperplasia=

A

Increase in stress leads to an increase in organ size due to increase in cell number

58
Q

Pathological hyperplasia can progress to

A

Dyplasia and then cancer

59
Q

Which type of hyperplasia doesnt increase the risk of cancer?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

60
Q

Metaplasia=

A

Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type

61
Q

Classic example for metaplasia

A

Barrett esophagus

NKSE -> Columnar cells

62
Q

Metalasia is reversible/irreversible

A

Reversible

63
Q

What can reverse Barrett esophagus?

A

Treatment of gastroesophageal reflux

64
Q

Barret esophagus can farther progress to

A

Adenocarcinoma of esophagus

65
Q

Which metaplasia carries no risk for cancer?

A

Apocrine metaplasia of the breast

66
Q

Which vitamin def. leads to metaplasia?

A

Vitamin A

Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye

67
Q

Squamous cell->Strat, Keratinizing squ. in the eye is called

A

Keratomalacia

68
Q

Dysplasia=

A

Disordered cellular growth

Proliferation of precancerous cells

69
Q

Example for Dysplasia

A

Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia

70
Q

Dysplasia often arise from (2)

A

Longstanding hyperplasia

Metaplasia

SN Pathology final (13 decks)

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