A. I Flashcards
Changes naturally occurring in the human body after death
Pallor mortis (15-20 min post death paleness)
Livor mortis (Settling of blood in the lower body)
Algor mortis (Temp. decreases)
Rigor mortis
Autolysis (Digestive enzymes)
Decomposition (Bacterias)
Saponification
Pre-mortem thrombi signs
Dry, granular
Adherent to vessel wall
Line of Zahn
Post-mortem thrombi signs
Gelatinous, soft
Weakly attach to vessel wall
Yellow surface covering red content
Where can we find Line of Zahn
Pre-mortem thrombi sign
Possible causes of necrosis
Microbes
Toxins
Nutritional
Oxygen deficiency
Possible changes in the nucleus due to necrosis (3)
Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis
Pyknosis
Nuclear condensation
Karyorrhexis
Fregmantation
רקסי הכלב הוא קורע לגזרים
Karyolysis
Dissolution
Morphology changes due to necrosis (4)
Nuclear appearance
Cell swelling
Eosinophilic color
Calcification
Why do we see Eosinophilic color in case of necrosis?
Acidic metabolic products increase
Why do we see Calcification in case of necrosis?
Increased Calcium intracellularly
What is the result of reperfusion injury?
Production of O2 derived free radicals which damage the tissue
O2 derived free radicals (3)
Superoxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radicals
Coagulative necrosis=
Necrotic tissue that remains firm
Coagulative necrosis is a characteristic of _____ infarction
Ischemic
Where can we find Coagulative necrosis?
Everywhere except the brain
Colliquative necrosis (Liquefactive)=
Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied
Colliquative necrosis occurrs due to
Enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins
Colliquative necrosis examples and how they get liquefied
Brain (Microglial cells proteolytic enzymes)
Abcsess (Neut. proteolytic enzymes)
Pancreas (Pancreas proteolytic enzymes)
Hemorrhagic infarction is a type of ______ necrosis
Coagulative
Hemorrhagic infarction happens bcs.
Organ has 2 blood supply
Where does Hemorrhagic infarction happens
Lung
Intestine
Liver
Fat necrosis=
Necrotic adipose tissue with white appearance due to calcium deposition
Action of Lipase on fat tissue
Where can we find Fat necrosis
Pancreas
Trauma to fat (Breast)
What is saponification
Calcium deposites in dead tissue
Caseous necrosis=
Soft necrotic tissue
Cottage like appearance
Caseous necrosis is a combination of
Coagulative necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
Caseous necrosis characterized what state?
Granulomatous inflammation
Fibrinoid necrosis happens where
Blood vessels wall
Why does Fibrinoid necrosis happen?
Leaking of proteins into vessel wall
In what cases can we see Fibrinoid necrosis?
Malignant HTN
Vasculitis
What is MI
Necrosis of cardiac myocytes
Apoptosis=
ATP dependant programmed cell death
Apoptosis examples
Endometrial shedding
Removal of cells in the embryo
Apoptosis morphology (5)
Cell shrink Eosinophilic cytoplasm Nucleus cindensed Nucleus fragments Apoptotic bodies
Does apoptosis followed up by inflammation?
No
Apoptosis is mediated by
Caspase
Caspase activates (2) and their job
Proteases- Cytoplasm breaking
Endonuclease- DNA breaking
Caspases are activated by what pathways (3)
Intrinsic mitochondrial
Extrinsic receptor-ligand
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell mediated
Extrinsic receptor-ligand=
FAS ligand binds FAS-R
Tumor necrosis factor binds TNF-R
FAS ligand binds FAS-R example
Negative selection in the thymus
How does Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell kill cells?
Perforins
Granzymes
Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
Cellular injury -> Inactivation of Bc/2 -> Cytochrome C leaks from mito. ->Caspase activation
