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SN Pathology final > A. I > Flashcards

A. I Flashcards

1
Q

Changes naturally occurring in the human body after death

A

Pallor mortis (15-20 min post death paleness)
Livor mortis (Settling of blood in the lower body)
Algor mortis (Temp. decreases)
Rigor mortis
Autolysis (Digestive enzymes)
Decomposition (Bacterias)
Saponification

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2
Q

Pre-mortem thrombi signs

A

Dry, granular
Adherent to vessel wall
Line of Zahn

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3
Q

Post-mortem thrombi signs

A

Gelatinous, soft
Weakly attach to vessel wall
Yellow surface covering red content

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4
Q

Where can we find Line of Zahn

A

Pre-mortem thrombi sign

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5
Q

Possible causes of necrosis

A

Microbes
Toxins
Nutritional
Oxygen deficiency

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6
Q

Possible changes in the nucleus due to necrosis (3)

A

Pyknosis
Karyorrhexis
Karyolysis

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7
Q

Pyknosis

A

Nuclear condensation

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8
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

Fregmantation

רקסי הכלב הוא קורע לגזרים

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9
Q

Karyolysis

A

Dissolution

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10
Q

Morphology changes due to necrosis (4)

A

Nuclear appearance
Cell swelling
Eosinophilic color
Calcification

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11
Q

Why do we see Eosinophilic color in case of necrosis?

A

Acidic metabolic products increase

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12
Q

Why do we see Calcification in case of necrosis?

A

Increased Calcium intracellularly

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13
Q

What is the result of reperfusion injury?

A

Production of O2 derived free radicals which damage the tissue

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14
Q

O2 derived free radicals (3)

A

Superoxide
Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radicals

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15
Q

Coagulative necrosis=

A

Necrotic tissue that remains firm

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16
Q

Coagulative necrosis is a characteristic of _____ infarction

A

Ischemic

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17
Q

Where can we find Coagulative necrosis?

A

Everywhere except the brain

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18
Q

Colliquative necrosis (Liquefactive)=

A

Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied

19
Q

Colliquative necrosis occurrs due to

A

Enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins

20
Q

Colliquative necrosis examples and how they get liquefied

A

Brain (Microglial cells proteolytic enzymes)
Abcsess (Neut. proteolytic enzymes)
Pancreas (Pancreas proteolytic enzymes)

21
Q

Hemorrhagic infarction is a type of ______ necrosis

A

Coagulative

22
Q

Hemorrhagic infarction happens bcs.

A

Organ has 2 blood supply

23
Q

Where does Hemorrhagic infarction happens

A

Lung
Intestine
Liver

24
Q

Fat necrosis=

A

Necrotic adipose tissue with white appearance due to calcium deposition
Action of Lipase on fat tissue

25
Q

Where can we find Fat necrosis

A

Pancreas

Trauma to fat (Breast)

26
Q

What is saponification

A

Calcium deposites in dead tissue

27
Q

Caseous necrosis=

A

Soft necrotic tissue

Cottage like appearance

28
Q

Caseous necrosis is a combination of

A

Coagulative necrosis

Liquefactive necrosis

29
Q

Caseous necrosis characterized what state?

A

Granulomatous inflammation

30
Q

Fibrinoid necrosis happens where

A

Blood vessels wall

31
Q

Why does Fibrinoid necrosis happen?

A

Leaking of proteins into vessel wall

32
Q

In what cases can we see Fibrinoid necrosis?

A

Malignant HTN

Vasculitis

33
Q

What is MI

A

Necrosis of cardiac myocytes

34
Q

Apoptosis=

A

ATP dependant programmed cell death

35
Q

Apoptosis examples

A

Endometrial shedding

Removal of cells in the embryo

36
Q

Apoptosis morphology (5)

A 
Cell shrink
Eosinophilic cytoplasm
Nucleus cindensed
Nucleus fragments
Apoptotic bodies
37
Q

Does apoptosis followed up by inflammation?

A

No

38
Q

Apoptosis is mediated by

A

Caspase

39
Q

Caspase activates (2) and their job

A

Proteases- Cytoplasm breaking

Endonuclease- DNA breaking

40
Q

Caspases are activated by what pathways (3)

A

Intrinsic mitochondrial
Extrinsic receptor-ligand
Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell mediated

41
Q

Extrinsic receptor-ligand=

A

FAS ligand binds FAS-R

Tumor necrosis factor binds TNF-R

42
Q

FAS ligand binds FAS-R example

A

Negative selection in the thymus

43
Q

How does Cytotoxic CD8+ T cell kill cells?

A

Perforins

Granzymes

44
Q

Intrinsic mitochondrial pathway

A

Cellular injury -> Inactivation of Bc/2 -> Cytochrome C leaks from mito. ->Caspase activation

SN Pathology final (13 decks)

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