C. XI Flashcards
Rhinitis=
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa
Most common cause of rhinitis
Adenovitus
Subtype of rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis (type I HSN)
Allergic rhinitis is associated with
Asthma
Eczema
Nasal polyp=
Protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa
Nasal polyp are usually secondary to
Repeats of rhinitis
Nasal polyp occurs also in
Cystic fibrosis
Apirin intolerant asthma
Apirin intolerant asthma symptoms
Asthma
Aspirin induced bronchospasm
Nasal polyps
Pathology of lips, oral cavity and pharynx (5) aslo neoplasia
Cleft lip and palate
Aphthous ulcer
Bechet syndrome
Oral herpes
Cleft lip and palate are due to
Due to failure of facial prominence to fuse
What are the facial prominence? How many?
1 superior
2 from sides
2 inferior
They fuse togather
Do Cleft lip and palate occur togather?
Most times
What is aphthous ulcer
Painful, superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa
Arise due to stress
How does a aphthous ulcer look?
Greyish base surrounded by erythema
Syndrome with recurrent aphthous ulcer, genital ulcer and uveitis=
Bechet syndrome
Bechet syndrome is due to
Immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels
Inflammatory lesions of the upper respiratory tract (4)
Rhinitis
Nasal polys\p
Acute epiglottitis
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)
Acute epiglottitis is a risk for
Airway obstruction
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) symp.
Barking cough
Inspiratory stridor
Tumors of nasal passages, nasopharynx and larynx (4)
Angiofibroma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal papilloma
Laryngeal carcinoma
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma=
Malignant neoplasm of squamous cells lining the oral mucosa
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, what are the risk factors
Smoking
Alcohol
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma most common location
Floor of the mouth
Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma precursoe lesions
Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
an you scrape away leukoplakia?
No
Hairy cell leukoplakia is due to
EBV-induced squamous cell hyperplasia
Is Hairy cell leukoplakia premalignant?
No
Erythroplakia=
Vascularized leukoplakia
Highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia
Benign tumor of nasal mucosa is also called=
Angiofibroma
Angiofibroma composed of
Large blood vessels and fibrous tissue
Angiofibroma symp.
Epistaxis=nose bleed
Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma will show
Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells (squamous)
Laryngeal papilloma is due to
HPV 6/11
Laryngeal papilloma is single in what population
Adult
Laryngeal papilloma is multipla in what population
Chuldren
Laryngeal cercinoma risk factors
Smoking
Alcohol
Is Laryngeal papilloma a risk factor for Laryngeal cercinoma?
Rarely
Laryngeal papilloma and Laryngeal cercinoma both have what symptom?
Hoarseness
Salivary gland pathology (5)
Mumps - parotitis Sialadenitis Pleomorphic adenoma Warthin tumor Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Inflammation of the salivary glands is also called=
Sialadenitis
Sialadenitis is most commonly due to
Obstructive stone leading to Staph. aureus infection
Sialadenitis is usually uni/bi lateral?
Unilateral
What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?
Pleomorphic adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma usually arises in which gland?
Parotid
Pleomorphic adenoma presents as
Mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at angle of the jaw
Pleomorphic adenoma possess a high rate of
Recurrence
What is the 2nd most common tumor of the salivary glands?
Warthin tumor
Warthin tumor=
Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers
Warthin tumor almost always arise in (location)
Parotid glands
What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma=
Mucinous and squamous cells
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma commonly involves the
Facial nerve
Primary TB=
Focal, caseating necrosis in the lower lobe of the kung and hilar lymph nodesthat undergoes fibrosis and calcification=Ghon complex
Reactivation of TB is usually due to
AIDS, Immunocompronized
Where in the lungs can we see secondary TB?
Apex
Which pnemonia is a result of TB?
Tubercolous bronchopnemonia
Secondary TB symp.
Fever Night sweat Cough Hemoptysis Weight loss
Systemic spread of TB is usually to
Meningitis
Cervical lymph nodes
Kidney
Pott disease
Define atelectasis=
Lung collapse
Inadequate expansion of air spaces
What are the types of atelectasis?
Resorption
Compression
Contraction
Resorption atelectasis is due to
Obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways
Compression atelectasis is due to
Accumulation of fluid btw. the pleura
Contraction atelectasis is due to
Fibrotic change in pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration
ARDS=
Diffuse damage to the alveolar-capillary interface
ARDS results in
Leakage of protein rich fluid leads to edema and formation of hyaline membranes in alveoli
Etiology of ARDS
Sepsis
Pneumonia
Aspiration
Trauma
EREcovery from ARDS my be complicated by
Interstitial fibrosis and scarring
Chest x ray of ARDS
White out
What is neonatal RDS?
Respiratory distress due to inadequate surfactant levels
Surfactant is made by
Type II pneumocytes
Major component of surfactant
Phosphatidylcholine (Lecitin)
Surfactant job
Decreases surface tension in the lung
Preventing collapse of alveoli after expiration
When do have an adequate levels of surfactant?
Week 34
What test do we use to check for lung maturity?
Amnionic fluid lecitin/Sphingomyelin > 2 is good
What can increase the syntesis of surfactant?
Steroids
What can decrease the syntesis of surfactant?
Insulin in diabetec mothers
Lung congestion is due to
Left sided heart failure
Lung congestion gross and microscoply
Heavy and firm
Laden MPH with hemosiderin
DVT usually arises from which veins
Femoral
Iliac
Popliteal
Dual blood supply of the lung
Pulmonary artery
Bronchial arteries
Only __ of PE causes infarction
10%
What is the name of an emboli that blocks both left and right pulmonary arteries
Saddle embolus
Lung infarction is usually what king
Hemorrhagic
Lung cancer main risk factors?
Cigarette
Radon (chemical element)
Asbestos
Which carcinogenes leads to lung cancer?
Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons
Arsenic
How is radon form?
Radioactive decay of uranium
Lung cancer imaging
Solitary nodules (coin lesions)
Benign coin lesions=
Granulomas Bronchial hamartoma (lung tissue and cartilage)
Lung cancer is devided in 2 (%?)
Small cell carcinoma 15%
Non-small cell carcinoma 85%
Non-small cell carcinoma is devided into
Adenocarcinoma 40%
Squamous cell carcinoma 30%
Large cell carcinoma 10%
Carcinoid tumor 5%
Which type of lung cancer does not responde to chemotherapy?
Non-small cell carcinoma
In which lung cancer type we see pleural involvment?
Adenocarcinoma
In lung cancer, compression of symp. chain leads to
Horner syndrome
Horner syndrome is characterized by
Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis
Lung cancer lymph node metastasis location
Hilar
Mediastinal
Unique site of lung cancer metastasis
Adrenal glands
Small cell carcinoma in lungs arises from which cells
Neuroendocrine cells
Small cell carcinoma in lungs
Association
Location
Comment
Male smokers
Central
ADh/ACTH production
Squamous cell carcinoma in lungs histology
Keratin pearls/intercellular bridges
What is the most common tumor in male smokers?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What is the most common tumor in nonsmokers and female smokers?
Adenocarcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Association
Location
Comment
Male smokers
Central
PTH
Adenocarcinoma in lungs histology
Glands or mucin
Adenocarcinoma
Association
Location
nonsmokers and female smokers
Peripheral
Large cell carcinoma
Association
Location
Comment
Smoking
Central/peripheral
Pneumonia like consolidation
Carcinoid tumor in lung is _____ positive
Chromogranin
Which lung cancer arises from clara cells?
Bronchioalveolar carcinoma
Most common source of lung metastasis (metastasis to the lung)
Breast
Colon
Which is more common in the lung?
Primary tumor
Metastasis
Metastasis
Pneumothorax=
Accumulation of air in the pleural space
Tumor that is highly associated with asbestos exposure
Mesothelioma
Mesothelioma presents as
Recurrent pleural effusions
Dyspnea
Chest pain
