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SN Pathology final > C. XI > Flashcards

C. XI Flashcards

1
Q

Rhinitis=

A

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa

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2
Q

Most common cause of rhinitis

A

Adenovitus

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3
Q

Subtype of rhinitis

A

Allergic rhinitis (type I HSN)

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4
Q

Allergic rhinitis is associated with

A

Asthma

Eczema

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5
Q

Nasal polyp=

A

Protrusion of edematous, inflamed nasal mucosa

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6
Q

Nasal polyp are usually secondary to

A

Repeats of rhinitis

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7
Q

Nasal polyp occurs also in

A

Cystic fibrosis

Apirin intolerant asthma

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8
Q

Apirin intolerant asthma symptoms

A

Asthma
Aspirin induced bronchospasm
Nasal polyps

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9
Q

Pathology of lips, oral cavity and pharynx (5) aslo neoplasia

A

Cleft lip and palate
Aphthous ulcer
Bechet syndrome
Oral herpes

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10
Q

Cleft lip and palate are due to

A

Due to failure of facial prominence to fuse

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11
Q

What are the facial prominence? How many?

A

1 superior
2 from sides
2 inferior

They fuse togather

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12
Q

Do Cleft lip and palate occur togather?

A

Most times

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13
Q

What is aphthous ulcer

A

Painful, superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa

Arise due to stress

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14
Q

How does a aphthous ulcer look?

A

Greyish base surrounded by erythema

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15
Q

Syndrome with recurrent aphthous ulcer, genital ulcer and uveitis=

A

Bechet syndrome

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16
Q

Bechet syndrome is due to

A

Immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels

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17
Q

Inflammatory lesions of the upper respiratory tract (4)

A

Rhinitis
Nasal polys\p
Acute epiglottitis
Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)

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18
Q

Acute epiglottitis is a risk for

A

Airway obstruction

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19
Q

Laryngotracheobronchitis (croup) symp.

A

Barking cough

Inspiratory stridor

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20
Q

Tumors of nasal passages, nasopharynx and larynx (4)

A

Angiofibroma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Laryngeal papilloma
Laryngeal carcinoma

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21
Q

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma=

A

Malignant neoplasm of squamous cells lining the oral mucosa

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22
Q

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma, what are the risk factors

A

Smoking

Alcohol

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23
Q

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma most common location

A

Floor of the mouth

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24
Q

Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma precursoe lesions

A

Leukoplakia

Erythroplakia

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25
Q

an you scrape away leukoplakia?

A

No

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26
Q

Hairy cell leukoplakia is due to

A

EBV-induced squamous cell hyperplasia

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27
Q

Is Hairy cell leukoplakia premalignant?

A

No

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28
Q

Erythroplakia=

A

Vascularized leukoplakia

Highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia

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29
Q

Benign tumor of nasal mucosa is also called=

A

Angiofibroma

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30
Q

Angiofibroma composed of

A

Large blood vessels and fibrous tissue

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31
Q

Angiofibroma symp.

A

Epistaxis=nose bleed

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32
Q

Biopsy of nasopharyngeal carcinoma will show

A

Pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial cells (squamous)

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33
Q

Laryngeal papilloma is due to

A

HPV 6/11

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34
Q

Laryngeal papilloma is single in what population

A

Adult

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35
Q

Laryngeal papilloma is multipla in what population

A

Chuldren

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36
Q

Laryngeal cercinoma risk factors

A

Smoking

Alcohol

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37
Q

Is Laryngeal papilloma a risk factor for Laryngeal cercinoma?

A

Rarely

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38
Q

Laryngeal papilloma and Laryngeal cercinoma both have what symptom?

A

Hoarseness

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39
Q

Salivary gland pathology (5)

A 
Mumps - parotitis
Sialadenitis
Pleomorphic adenoma
Warthin tumor
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
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40
Q

Inflammation of the salivary glands is also called=

A

Sialadenitis

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41
Q

Sialadenitis is most commonly due to

A

Obstructive stone leading to Staph. aureus infection

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42
Q

Sialadenitis is usually uni/bi lateral?

A

Unilateral

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43
Q

What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands?

A

Pleomorphic adenoma

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44
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma usually arises in which gland?

A

Parotid

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45
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma presents as

A

Mobile, painless, circumscribed mass at angle of the jaw

46
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma possess a high rate of

A

Recurrence

47
Q

What is the 2nd most common tumor of the salivary glands?

A

Warthin tumor

48
Q

Warthin tumor=

A

Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers

49
Q

Warthin tumor almost always arise in (location)

A

Parotid glands

50
Q

What is the most common malignant tumor of the salivary glands?

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

51
Q

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma=

A

Mucinous and squamous cells

52
Q

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma commonly involves the

A

Facial nerve

53
Q

Primary TB=

A

Focal, caseating necrosis in the lower lobe of the kung and hilar lymph nodesthat undergoes fibrosis and calcification=Ghon complex

54
Q

Reactivation of TB is usually due to

A

AIDS, Immunocompronized

55
Q

Where in the lungs can we see secondary TB?

A

Apex

56
Q

Which pnemonia is a result of TB?

A

Tubercolous bronchopnemonia

57
Q

Secondary TB symp.

A 
Fever
Night sweat
Cough
Hemoptysis
Weight loss
58
Q

Systemic spread of TB is usually to

A

Meningitis
Cervical lymph nodes
Kidney
Pott disease

59
Q

Define atelectasis=

A

Lung collapse

Inadequate expansion of air spaces

60
Q

What are the types of atelectasis?

A

Resorption
Compression
Contraction

61
Q

Resorption atelectasis is due to

A

Obstruction prevents air from reaching distal airways

62
Q

Compression atelectasis is due to

A

Accumulation of fluid btw. the pleura

63
Q

Contraction atelectasis is due to

A

Fibrotic change in pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration

64
Q

ARDS=

A

Diffuse damage to the alveolar-capillary interface

65
Q

ARDS results in

A

Leakage of protein rich fluid leads to edema and formation of hyaline membranes in alveoli

66
Q

Etiology of ARDS

A

Sepsis
Pneumonia
Aspiration
Trauma

67
Q

EREcovery from ARDS my be complicated by

A

Interstitial fibrosis and scarring

68
Q

Chest x ray of ARDS

A

White out

69
Q

What is neonatal RDS?

A

Respiratory distress due to inadequate surfactant levels

70
Q

Surfactant is made by

A

Type II pneumocytes

71
Q

Major component of surfactant

A

Phosphatidylcholine (Lecitin)

72
Q

Surfactant job

A

Decreases surface tension in the lung

Preventing collapse of alveoli after expiration

73
Q

When do have an adequate levels of surfactant?

A

Week 34

74
Q

What test do we use to check for lung maturity?

A

Amnionic fluid lecitin/Sphingomyelin > 2 is good

75
Q

What can increase the syntesis of surfactant?

A

Steroids

76
Q

What can decrease the syntesis of surfactant?

A

Insulin in diabetec mothers

77
Q

Lung congestion is due to

A

Left sided heart failure

78
Q

Lung congestion gross and microscoply

A

Heavy and firm

Laden MPH with hemosiderin

79
Q

DVT usually arises from which veins

A

Femoral
Iliac
Popliteal

80
Q

Dual blood supply of the lung

A

Pulmonary artery

Bronchial arteries

81
Q

Only __ of PE causes infarction

A

10%

82
Q

What is the name of an emboli that blocks both left and right pulmonary arteries

A

Saddle embolus

83
Q

Lung infarction is usually what king

A

Hemorrhagic

84
Q

Lung cancer main risk factors?

A

Cigarette
Radon (chemical element)
Asbestos

85
Q

Which carcinogenes leads to lung cancer?

A

Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons

Arsenic

86
Q

How is radon form?

A

Radioactive decay of uranium

87
Q

Lung cancer imaging

A

Solitary nodules (coin lesions)

88
Q

Benign coin lesions=

A 
Granulomas
Bronchial hamartoma (lung tissue and cartilage)
89
Q

Lung cancer is devided in 2 (%?)

A

Small cell carcinoma 15%

Non-small cell carcinoma 85%

90
Q

Non-small cell carcinoma is devided into

A

Adenocarcinoma 40%
Squamous cell carcinoma 30%
Large cell carcinoma 10%
Carcinoid tumor 5%

91
Q

Which type of lung cancer does not responde to chemotherapy?

A

Non-small cell carcinoma

92
Q

In which lung cancer type we see pleural involvment?

A

Adenocarcinoma

93
Q

In lung cancer, compression of symp. chain leads to

A

Horner syndrome

94
Q

Horner syndrome is characterized by

A

Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis

95
Q

Lung cancer lymph node metastasis location

A

Hilar

Mediastinal

96
Q

Unique site of lung cancer metastasis

A

Adrenal glands

97
Q

Small cell carcinoma in lungs arises from which cells

A

Neuroendocrine cells

98
Q

Small cell carcinoma in lungs
Association
Location
Comment

A

Male smokers
Central
ADh/ACTH production

99
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma in lungs histology

A

Keratin pearls/intercellular bridges

100
Q

What is the most common tumor in male smokers?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

101
Q

What is the most common tumor in nonsmokers and female smokers?

A

Adenocarcinoma

102
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma
Association
Location
Comment

A

Male smokers
Central
PTH

103
Q

Adenocarcinoma in lungs histology

A

Glands or mucin

104
Q

Adenocarcinoma
Association
Location

A

nonsmokers and female smokers

Peripheral

105
Q

Large cell carcinoma
Association
Location
Comment

A

Smoking
Central/peripheral
Pneumonia like consolidation

106
Q

Carcinoid tumor in lung is _____ positive

A

Chromogranin

107
Q

Which lung cancer arises from clara cells?

A

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma

108
Q

Most common source of lung metastasis (metastasis to the lung)

A

Breast

Colon

109
Q

Which is more common in the lung?
Primary tumor
Metastasis

A

Metastasis

110
Q

Pneumothorax=

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural space

111
Q

Tumor that is highly associated with asbestos exposure

A

Mesothelioma

112
Q

Mesothelioma presents as

A

Recurrent pleural effusions
Dyspnea
Chest pain

SN Pathology final (13 decks)

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