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Anatomy And Physiology > Extra > Flashcards

Extra Flashcards

1
Q

List the organs of the intraperitoneum

A

SLUGSOJITS

Stomach
Liver
Uterus
Gallbladder 
Spleen
Ovaries
Jejunum
Ileum
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
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2
Q

List the organs of the retroperitoneum

A 
DADRIPKAAUU
Duodenum
Adrenal glands
Descending colon
Rectum
Inferior vena cava
Pancreas
Kidneys 
Ascending colon
Abdominal aorta
Ureters
Urinary bladder
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3
Q

Higher mental functions are controlled by what

A

Cerebrum largest portion of brain

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4
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin

A

Where neural tissue exits the brain near foramen magnum extending to lumbar spine

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5
Q

How many segments does the spinal cord have

A

31

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6
Q

How are the two halves of the spinal cord divided

A

By an anterior median fissure

Shallow posterior median fissure

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7
Q

In the CNS what are masses of gray matter known as

A

Nuclei

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8
Q

What are major nerve tracts made up of

A

Long bundles of myelinated fibres

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9
Q

What does the spinal cord conduct

A

Nerve impulses

Spinal reflexes

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10
Q

What are tracts carrying info to the brain called

A

Ascending tracts

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11
Q

What are tracts carrying information to muscles and glands called

A

Descending tracts

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12
Q

What does the brain stem include

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What is the job of the cerebrum

A

Coordinates sensory and motor functions
And higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning
Intelligence
Personality

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14
Q

What is the job of the diencephalon

A

Process additional sensory information

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15
Q

What is the job of the nerve pathways of the brain stem

A

Connect nervous system components

Regulate certain visceral activities

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16
Q

What is the job of the cerebellum

A

Coordinates voluntary muscular movements

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17
Q

What is the function of cerebral cortex gray matter outermost

A 
Awareness
Communication
Sensation
Memory
Understanding
Voluntary movements
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18
Q

What is the role of the white matter in the brain

A

Myelinated axon bundles travel between hemispheres

Carries impulses from cortex to nerve centres of brain and spinal cord

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19
Q

What is the left (dominant) side of the cerebrum responsible for

A

Speech
Writing
Reading
Complex intellectual functions

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20
Q

What is the non dominant side of the cerebrum responsible for

A

Non verbal functions

Intuitive and emotional thoughts

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21
Q

Electrolytes are what

A

Substances that release ions in water

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22
Q

What are electrically charged particles

A

Ions

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23
Q

What represents basicity and acidosis on the ph scale

A

Less than 7 acidic. More hydrogen ions than hydroxide

More than 7 alkalosis more hydroxide ions than hydrogen

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24
Q

Define metabolic acidosis

A

Kidneys can’t remove ketones. (Metabolites of fat)

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25
Q

Define respiratory acidosis

A

Lung condition people. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

High co2 in blood meaning blood ph decreases

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26
Q

At what level does alkalosis cause uncontrollable and sustained skeletal muscle contractions

A

7.8

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27
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A

Elevations of tissue ph

Due to decreased hydrogen ion concentration or increased bicarbonate concentrations

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28
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A 
Caused by increased respiration. 
Pneumonia
Stroke
Fever
Pregnancy
Meningitis
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29
Q

Give an example of a buffer in body fluids

A

Bicarbonate

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30
Q

What are globular proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering activation requirements

A

Enzymes

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31
Q

What happens to enzymes when they are not used in the reactions they catalyse

A

They are recycled

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32
Q

What are the building blocks of plants and animals known as

A

Cells

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33
Q

What does each cell maintain

A

Homeostasis at a cellular level

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34
Q

What is the study of cellular structure and function known as

A

Cytology

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35
Q

What are the three main parts of a cell

A

Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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36
Q

What part of the cell contains genetic material and processes activities

A

Nucleus

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37
Q

What part of the cell fills out cell and shape

A

Cytoplasm

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38
Q

What are microscopic specialised cell structures that perform specific function reqd by cell.
They also fulfill functions and processes that are vital to life of cells, tissues and organisms

A

Organelles

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39
Q

What have a large number of Mitochondria in their cells because they use large amounts of ATP

A

Kidneys
Liver
Muscle

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40
Q

The speed of diffusion is determined by

A

Molecular size
Kinetic energy
Temperature

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41
Q

Passive cell mechanisms include

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

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42
Q

2 examples of diffusion

A

Ions across membrane

Neurotransmitters between nerve cells

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43
Q

What is highest in concentration inside cells

A

Potassium

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44
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do

A

Leak slowly through leakage channels in cell membrane

Drives sodium out of cells and against large concentration gradient and pumps potassium back in

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45
Q

What forms tissues

A

Combination of different cell types, with similar structures and functions

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46
Q

What is the tStudy of tissues

A

Histology

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47
Q

How are Epithelial tissues connected to connective tissue

A

By a basement membrane

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48
Q

What are glands

A

Secretory structures derived from epithelium

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49
Q

What cells divide quickly and aid in healing

A

Epithelial

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50
Q

The cells that make up connective tissues are ‘. ‘than epithelial tissue cells

A

Further apart

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51
Q

Cartilage has what type of fibres

A

Tough gelatinous matrix

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52
Q

Bone consists of what three elements

A

Matrix of connective tissue
BVS
Minerals (calcium and phosphorus)

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53
Q

What contains formed elements RBCS RBCS And platelets that are suspended in liquid extra cellular matrix known as plasma

A

Blood

54
Q

What are the most prevalent type of blood cells

A

RBCS erythrocytes

55
Q

What type of muscle cells can divide

A

Smooth

56
Q

What cells divide and support nervous tissue components

A

Neuroglial cells

57
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells and what are their functions

A 
Astrocytes
Oligodendroglia
Microglia 
Ependymal 
Phagocytise other cells, supply nutrients to Neurons, help in communications between cells
58
Q

What are the three primary barriers that protect body in skin

A

Chemical
Physical
Biological

59
Q

What barriers include melanin and secretions from the skin

A

Chemical

60
Q

The low PH of skin secretions is known as and what does it do

A

Acid mantle

Slows multiplication of microorganisms

61
Q

The integumentary consists of what

A 
Hair 
Nails
Glands
Muscles
Nerves
62
Q

What are the major parts of the skin

A

Epidermis not vascularised

Dermis highly vascularised

63
Q

What is not part of the skin and deep below the dermis and what is it also known as

A

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous layer

64
Q

What are the main cells in the epidermis

A

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

65
Q

What is keratin and what’s its job

A

Fibrous protein

Aids epidermis in protecting body

66
Q

What is melanin and what’s its job

A

Dark pigment

Absorbs UV radiation from light

67
Q

What contain chemical, physical and biological protective factors of skin

A

Chemical. Melanin and skin secretions
Physical. Skin continuity and hardened keratinised cells .
Biological. Dendritic cells (epidermal). Macrophages (dermal. And DNA

68
Q

What Epithelial tissue is the epidermis made up of

A

Stratified squamous

69
Q

What is the skeletal system made up of

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Dense connective tissue
Nervous tissue
70
Q

What do bones do

A

Contain cells that produce blood
Store salts
Form blood vessels
Form nerve passageways

71
Q

What are the bones of the skeleton divided into

A

Axial

Appendicular skeleton

72
Q

What does the axial skeleton do

A

Makes up bodies long axis

Include skull, vertebral column and rib cage

73
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton do

A

Formed by bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder hip bones)
Which attach to limbs of axial skeleton.

74
Q

Up to how long can femur be and how many bones are in adult body

A

2 feet

206

75
Q

Define long bones

A

All bones of limbs are long bones except patella, wrist and ankle bones
Located in arms legs, palms, souls, fingers and toes

76
Q

What are sutural bones also known as

A

Wormian bones

77
Q

What are bones also known as and why

A

Organs because they contain various types of tissue

78
Q

What are bones dominated by

A

Osseous tissue (bony tissue)

79
Q

What else do bones contain

A

Nervous tissue
Cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue
Muscle and epithelial tissues

80
Q

Where is nervous tissue found

A

In bone nerves

81
Q

Cartilage is found in

A

Articulate cartilage

82
Q

What lines bone cavities

A

Fibrous connective tissue

83
Q

Where are muscle and epithelial tissues found

A

In BVs of bones

84
Q

What is the external layer of bone called

A

Compact bone

85
Q

Where is the atlas and axis of the vertebral body

A

C1 atlas

C2 axis

86
Q

How many bones and which order are in vertebral body

A 
C 7
T 12
L 5 
S 5
C 4
87
Q

What is the sternum composed of

A

Upper Manubrium
Middle body (gladiolus)
Xiphoid process

88
Q

What does the manubrium attach to

A

Clavicles

89
Q

What is the shallow indentation between the clavicular articulations on manubrium superior surface

A

Jugular notch

90
Q

What bones are curved with large ends

A

Ribs

91
Q

What is the pectoral girdle and what is it made up of

A

Shoulder girdle
Clavicles
Scapulae

92
Q

What is the incomplete ring that opens up in the back

A

Pectoral girdle

93
Q

What does the pectoral girdle connect

A

Upper limb bones to axial skeleton

94
Q

What separates the bones of the pec girdle in the front

A

Sternum

95
Q

Which end is widest in the clavicle than the sternal end

A

Flat acromial end

96
Q

What are non axial, uniaxial and biaxial movements

A

Non axial. Slipping movements
Uniaxial. Movement in one plane
Biaxial. Movement in two planes

97
Q

What plane does flexion and extension occur

A

Sagittal

98
Q

Which movement is stronger pronation or supination

A

Supination

99
Q

What returns the thumb and fingers after opposition

A

Reposition

100
Q

What muscle has tapered ends

A

Smooth

101
Q

What helps join cells and transmit contraction force while allowing muscle impulses to freely travel very quickly from cell to cell

A

Intercalated discs

102
Q

What are the four major characteristics of cardiac muscles

A

Automaticity
Nervous system alteration
Contractile length
Sarcolemma properties

103
Q

Cardiac muscle contractions are how much longer than skeletal

A

10 x with little fatigue

104
Q

What system controls all other systems and involved with actions, emotions and thoughts

A

Nervous

105
Q

The unit upon which all nervous system activity is based is

A

Neuron (nerve cell)

106
Q

Neurons require what

A

Neuroglial cells

107
Q

What conduct phagocytosis, fill spaces and produce components of myelin and provide structural frameworks

A

Neuroglial cells

108
Q

What exist in CNS and PNS and can divide

A

Neuroglial cells

109
Q

What can’t divide

A

Most Neurons

110
Q

Which is smaller, neuroglia or Neurons

A

Neuroglia

111
Q

How much of the brain does neuroglial cells form

A

Half

112
Q

What are effectors

A

Muscles and glands

113
Q

What is the control centre of the nervous system integrating all its activities

A

CNS

114
Q

What is the PNS made up of

A

Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to rest of body

115
Q

What are the two functional divisions of the PNS.

A

Afferent (sensory)

Efferent (motor)

116
Q

What are the two main parts of the motor division

A

SNS

ANS

117
Q

What division does sympathetic and parasympathetic belong to

A

ANS

118
Q

In the CNS bundles of neuron processes are called

In the PNS what are they called

A

Tracts

Nerves

119
Q

What happens in action potential

A

Sodium and potassium channels open

120
Q

What cells can generate action potentials

A

Muscle cells
Neurons
Those with excitable membranes

121
Q

What is a neuromuscular junction

A

Synapse between neuron and muscle cell

122
Q

What do the actions of neurotransmitters involve

A 
Sleep
Anger
Thinking
Hunger
Movement
Memory
123
Q

What are cholinergic synapses known as

A

Neuromuscular junctions that release ACh

124
Q

Describe neurotransmitter release

A

Action potential travels along axons and over synaptic knobs

Knob becomes more permeable to calcium ions which diffuse inwards

Synaptic vesicles fuse to synaptic knob membranes

Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into clefts

Synaptic vesicles re enter axons cytoplasm to pickup more neurotransmitters

125
Q

What direction do sensory (afferent) nerves carry impulses

What direction do motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses

A

One way to CNS

Away from CNS

126
Q

The nerves in the PNS arise from where

A

Cranial

Spinal nerves

127
Q

Which division innervate more organs

A

Sympathetic

128
Q

What are ANS Neurons and how do they differ

A

Motor neurones.

Contain two Neurons

129
Q

What is the structure of pre and post ganglion fibres

A 
Pre = thin lightly myelinated
Post = thinner and non myelinated
130
Q

What do preganglionic sympathetic/para and postganglionic para fibres release

What does postganglionic sympathetic fibres release

A

Pre sympathetic and pre parasympathetic and post para ACH

Post sympathetic
NE

131
Q

When sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibres secrete ACH what is this known as

A

Cholinergic fibres

Anatomy And Physiology (20 decks)

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