Extra Flashcards
1
Q
List the organs of the intraperitoneum
A
SLUGSOJITS
Stomach Liver Uterus Gallbladder Spleen Ovaries Jejunum Ileum Transverse colon Sigmoid colon
2
Q
List the organs of the retroperitoneum
A
DADRIPKAAUU Duodenum Adrenal glands Descending colon Rectum Inferior vena cava Pancreas Kidneys Ascending colon Abdominal aorta Ureters Urinary bladder
3
Q
Higher mental functions are controlled by what
A
Cerebrum largest portion of brain
4
Q
Where does the spinal cord begin
A
Where neural tissue exits the brain near foramen magnum extending to lumbar spine
5
Q
How many segments does the spinal cord have
A
31
6
Q
How are the two halves of the spinal cord divided
A
By an anterior median fissure
Shallow posterior median fissure
7
Q
In the CNS what are masses of gray matter known as
A
Nuclei
8
Q
What are major nerve tracts made up of
A
Long bundles of myelinated fibres
9
Q
What does the spinal cord conduct
A
Nerve impulses
Spinal reflexes
10
Q
What are tracts carrying info to the brain called
A
Ascending tracts
11
Q
What are tracts carrying information to muscles and glands called
A
Descending tracts
12
Q
What does the brain stem include
A
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
13
Q
What is the job of the cerebrum
A
Coordinates sensory and motor functions
And higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning
Intelligence
Personality
14
Q
What is the job of the diencephalon
A
Process additional sensory information
15
Q
What is the job of the nerve pathways of the brain stem
A
Connect nervous system components
Regulate certain visceral activities
16
Q
What is the job of the cerebellum
A
Coordinates voluntary muscular movements
17
Q
What is the function of cerebral cortex gray matter outermost
A
Awareness Communication Sensation Memory Understanding Voluntary movements
18
Q
What is the role of the white matter in the brain
A
Myelinated axon bundles travel between hemispheres
Carries impulses from cortex to nerve centres of brain and spinal cord
19
Q
What is the left (dominant) side of the cerebrum responsible for
A
Speech
Writing
Reading
Complex intellectual functions
20
Q
What is the non dominant side of the cerebrum responsible for
A
Non verbal functions
Intuitive and emotional thoughts
21
Q
Electrolytes are what
A
Substances that release ions in water
22
Q
What are electrically charged particles
A
Ions
23
Q
What represents basicity and acidosis on the ph scale
A
Less than 7 acidic. More hydrogen ions than hydroxide
More than 7 alkalosis more hydroxide ions than hydrogen
24
Q
Define metabolic acidosis
A
Kidneys can’t remove ketones. (Metabolites of fat)
25
Define respiratory acidosis
Lung condition people. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
| High co2 in blood meaning blood ph decreases
26
At what level does alkalosis cause uncontrollable and sustained skeletal muscle contractions
7.8
27
What is metabolic alkalosis
Elevations of tissue ph
| Due to decreased hydrogen ion concentration or increased bicarbonate concentrations
28
What is respiratory alkalosis
```
Caused by increased respiration.
Pneumonia
Stroke
Fever
Pregnancy
Meningitis
```
29
Give an example of a buffer in body fluids
Bicarbonate
30
What are globular proteins that promote chemical reactions by lowering activation requirements
Enzymes
31
What happens to enzymes when they are not used in the reactions they catalyse
They are recycled
32
What are the building blocks of plants and animals known as
Cells
33
What does each cell maintain
Homeostasis at a cellular level
34
What is the study of cellular structure and function known as
Cytology
35
What are the three main parts of a cell
Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
36
What part of the cell contains genetic material and processes activities
Nucleus
37
What part of the cell fills out cell and shape
Cytoplasm
38
What are microscopic specialised cell structures that perform specific function reqd by cell.
They also fulfill functions and processes that are vital to life of cells, tissues and organisms
Organelles
39
What have a large number of Mitochondria in their cells because they use large amounts of ATP
Kidneys
Liver
Muscle
40
The speed of diffusion is determined by
Molecular size
Kinetic energy
Temperature
41
Passive cell mechanisms include
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
42
2 examples of diffusion
Ions across membrane
| Neurotransmitters between nerve cells
43
What is highest in concentration inside cells
Potassium
44
What does the sodium potassium pump do
Leak slowly through leakage channels in cell membrane
| Drives sodium out of cells and against large concentration gradient and pumps potassium back in
45
What forms tissues
Combination of different cell types, with similar structures and functions
46
What is the tStudy of tissues
Histology
47
How are Epithelial tissues connected to connective tissue
By a basement membrane
48
What are glands
Secretory structures derived from epithelium
49
What cells divide quickly and aid in healing
Epithelial
50
The cells that make up connective tissues are ‘. ‘than epithelial tissue cells
Further apart
51
Cartilage has what type of fibres
Tough gelatinous matrix
52
Bone consists of what three elements
Matrix of connective tissue
BVS
Minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
53
What contains formed elements RBCS RBCS And platelets that are suspended in liquid extra cellular matrix known as plasma
Blood
54
What are the most prevalent type of blood cells
RBCS erythrocytes
55
What type of muscle cells can divide
Smooth
56
What cells divide and support nervous tissue components
Neuroglial cells
57
What are the four types of neuroglial cells and what are their functions
```
Astrocytes
Oligodendroglia
Microglia
Ependymal
Phagocytise other cells, supply nutrients to Neurons, help in communications between cells
```
58
What are the three primary barriers that protect body in skin
Chemical
Physical
Biological
59
What barriers include melanin and secretions from the skin
Chemical
60
The low PH of skin secretions is known as and what does it do
Acid mantle
| Slows multiplication of microorganisms
61
The integumentary consists of what
```
Hair
Nails
Glands
Muscles
Nerves
```
62
What are the major parts of the skin
Epidermis not vascularised
| Dermis highly vascularised
63
What is not part of the skin and deep below the dermis and what is it also known as
Hypodermis
| Subcutaneous layer
64
What are the main cells in the epidermis
Keratinocytes
| Melanocytes
65
What is keratin and what’s its job
Fibrous protein
| Aids epidermis in protecting body
66
What is melanin and what’s its job
Dark pigment
| Absorbs UV radiation from light
67
What contain chemical, physical and biological protective factors of skin
Chemical. Melanin and skin secretions
Physical. Skin continuity and hardened keratinised cells .
Biological. Dendritic cells (epidermal). Macrophages (dermal. And DNA
68
What Epithelial tissue is the epidermis made up of
Stratified squamous
69
What is the skeletal system made up of
```
Bone
Cartilage
Blood
Dense connective tissue
Nervous tissue
```
70
What do bones do
Contain cells that produce blood
Store salts
Form blood vessels
Form nerve passageways
71
What are the bones of the skeleton divided into
Axial
| Appendicular skeleton
72
What does the axial skeleton do
Makes up bodies long axis
| Include skull, vertebral column and rib cage
73
What does the appendicular skeleton do
Formed by bones of upper and lower limbs and girdles (shoulder hip bones)
Which attach to limbs of axial skeleton.
74
Up to how long can femur be and how many bones are in adult body
2 feet
| 206
75
Define long bones
All bones of limbs are long bones except patella, wrist and ankle bones
Located in arms legs, palms, souls, fingers and toes
76
What are sutural bones also known as
Wormian bones
77
What are bones also known as and why
Organs because they contain various types of tissue
78
What are bones dominated by
Osseous tissue (bony tissue)
79
What else do bones contain
Nervous tissue
Cartilage
Fibrous connective tissue
Muscle and epithelial tissues
80
Where is nervous tissue found
In bone nerves
81
Cartilage is found in
Articulate cartilage
82
What lines bone cavities
Fibrous connective tissue
83
Where are muscle and epithelial tissues found
In BVs of bones
84
What is the external layer of bone called
Compact bone
85
Where is the atlas and axis of the vertebral body
C1 atlas
| C2 axis
86
How many bones and which order are in vertebral body
```
C 7
T 12
L 5
S 5
C 4
```
87
What is the sternum composed of
Upper Manubrium
Middle body (gladiolus)
Xiphoid process
88
What does the manubrium attach to
Clavicles
89
What is the shallow indentation between the clavicular articulations on manubrium superior surface
Jugular notch
90
What bones are curved with large ends
Ribs
91
What is the pectoral girdle and what is it made up of
Shoulder girdle
Clavicles
Scapulae
92
What is the incomplete ring that opens up in the back
Pectoral girdle
93
What does the pectoral girdle connect
Upper limb bones to axial skeleton
94
What separates the bones of the pec girdle in the front
Sternum
95
Which end is widest in the clavicle than the sternal end
Flat acromial end
96
What are non axial, uniaxial and biaxial movements
Non axial. Slipping movements
Uniaxial. Movement in one plane
Biaxial. Movement in two planes
97
What plane does flexion and extension occur
Sagittal
98
Which movement is stronger pronation or supination
Supination
99
What returns the thumb and fingers after opposition
Reposition
100
What muscle has tapered ends
Smooth
101
What helps join cells and transmit contraction force while allowing muscle impulses to freely travel very quickly from cell to cell
Intercalated discs
102
What are the four major characteristics of cardiac muscles
Automaticity
Nervous system alteration
Contractile length
Sarcolemma properties
103
Cardiac muscle contractions are how much longer than skeletal
10 x with little fatigue
104
What system controls all other systems and involved with actions, emotions and thoughts
Nervous
105
The unit upon which all nervous system activity is based is
Neuron (nerve cell)
106
Neurons require what
Neuroglial cells
107
What conduct phagocytosis, fill spaces and produce components of myelin and provide structural frameworks
Neuroglial cells
108
What exist in CNS and PNS and can divide
Neuroglial cells
109
What can’t divide
Most Neurons
110
Which is smaller, neuroglia or Neurons
Neuroglia
111
How much of the brain does neuroglial cells form
Half
112
What are effectors
Muscles and glands
113
What is the control centre of the nervous system integrating all its activities
CNS
114
What is the PNS made up of
Nerves extending from brain and spinal cord to rest of body
115
What are the two functional divisions of the PNS.
Afferent (sensory)
| Efferent (motor)
116
What are the two main parts of the motor division
SNS
| ANS
117
What division does sympathetic and parasympathetic belong to
ANS
118
In the CNS bundles of neuron processes are called
| In the PNS what are they called
Tracts
| Nerves
119
What happens in action potential
Sodium and potassium channels open
120
What cells can generate action potentials
Muscle cells
Neurons
Those with excitable membranes
121
What is a neuromuscular junction
Synapse between neuron and muscle cell
122
What do the actions of neurotransmitters involve
```
Sleep
Anger
Thinking
Hunger
Movement
Memory
```
123
What are cholinergic synapses known as
Neuromuscular junctions that release ACh
124
Describe neurotransmitter release
Action potential travels along axons and over synaptic knobs
Knob becomes more permeable to calcium ions which diffuse inwards
Synaptic vesicles fuse to synaptic knob membranes
Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters into clefts
Synaptic vesicles re enter axons cytoplasm to pickup more neurotransmitters
125
What direction do sensory (afferent) nerves carry impulses
What direction do motor (efferent) nerves carry impulses
One way to CNS
| Away from CNS
126
The nerves in the PNS arise from where
Cranial
| Spinal nerves
127
Which division innervate more organs
Sympathetic
128
What are ANS Neurons and how do they differ
Motor neurones.
| Contain two Neurons
129
What is the structure of pre and post ganglion fibres
```
Pre = thin lightly myelinated
Post = thinner and non myelinated
```
130
What do preganglionic sympathetic/para and postganglionic para fibres release
What does postganglionic sympathetic fibres release
Pre sympathetic and pre parasympathetic and post para ACH
Post sympathetic
NE
131
When sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibres secrete ACH what is this known as
Cholinergic fibres
