Chapter 7

Question 1

Discuss the major functions of bones

Answer 1

Hemopoiesis
Movement
Support
Protection
Storage of minerals and lipids and energy reserves

Question 2

What is hemopoiesis

Answer 2

Blood cell production

Question 3

Where does blood cell production begin and what is it known as

Answer 3

In yolk sac of developing embryo. AKA hematopoiesis

Question 4

After development in the embryo where does blood cell production occur

Answer 4

Red bone marrow

Question 5

What does red bone marrow contain

Answer 5

Stem cells that form all blood cell types

Question 6

Define movement

Answer 6

Bones assist movement by providing attachments for skeletal muscles that pull on bones causing bones to act as levers.

Resistance is provided by the weight of the arm.

Force is provided by the muscle doing the work

Question 7

Define support and protection

Answer 7

Bones support and protect vital organs eg brain, spinal cord, lungs, heart.

Protect soft tissues

Bones of lower limbs support trunk during standing

Rib cage supports thoracic wall

Question 8

Define storage of minerals and growth factor

Answer 8

Bones store >90% of the minerals calcium & phosphorus which are essential for many body processes

When minerals are needed some connective bone tissue is broken down so they can be released into blood stream

Question 9

What is phosphorus important for

Answer 9

Creation of organic phosphate which provides ATP

Question 10

Where are important growth factors stored

Answer 10

Mineralised bone matrix

Question 11

In fat what is stored in bone cavities

Answer 11

Triglyceride which is an energy source

Question 12

What hormone is produced by bones and what does it do

Answer 12

Osteocalcin

Regulates bone formation

Protects against glucose intolerance, diabetes and obesity

Question 13

What are the different bone classifications and what are their characteristics

Answer 13

Flat-Thin/slightly curved. Resemble plates with broad surfaces

Irregular-Different/complex. Attached to other bones

Short-Short/Cubed

Sesamoid-Small/flat. May be found in up to 26 locations. Control direction tendons pull and as small as sesame seeds.

Sutural-Small/flat/irregular. May be as large as a 1/4 or small as a grain of sand

Long-Elongated with expanded ends

Question 14

Give examples of bones

Answer 14

Flat-Ribs/sternum/scapulae/most skull bones

Irregular-Facial/vertebrae and pelvis

Short-carpal/tarsal

Sesamoid-in tendons near joints in hands/feet/patellar

Sutural-bones between flat bones of skull

Question 15

How many pairs of ribs are there in thoracic cage

Answer 15

12

Question 16

Where do the ribs attach in the thoracic cage

Answer 16

Anteriorly to sternum and costal cartilages

Posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

Question 17

What is the function of the thoracic cage

Answer 17

Supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs

Protects visceral organs In thoracic and upper abdominal cavities

Question 18

How do the ribs attach to form thoracic cage

Answer 18

1 pair of ribs attaches to each thoracic vertebrae=24

First 7 pairs = true (vertebrosternal) and attach to sternum by costal cartilages

Last 5 = false as they don’t reach sternum directly

Upper 3 of false ribs attach to cartilage of 7th true rib

Lower 2 false = floating as they don’t attach at all

Question 19

Identify the major features of bones that make up the thoracic cage and upper limbs

Answer 19

12 pairs of ribs
Sternum
Costal cartilages
Thoracic cage supports pectoral girdle and upper limbs and protects visceral organs

Question 20

What do the upper limbs include

Answer 20

Arms
Humerus
Forearms
Radius 
Ulna
Hand
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges

Question 20

Name each bone of the lower limbs

Answer 20

Femurs
Patallae tibiae
Fibulae
Tarsals
Talus
Calcaneus
Metatarsals
Phalanges