Chapter 4 Flashcards
Define metabolism
The chemical changes that take place inside living cells
As a result of metabolism what happens
Maintain body functions. Organisms grow. Release/store energy. Produce/eliminate waste. Digest nutrients. Destroy toxins.
Explain Catabolism
Metabolic breakdown of stored fats/carbs/proteins to release energy.
Hydrolysis splits the water molecule.
Hydrolysis involves the decomposition of carbs/lipids/proteins.
During digestion Hydrolysis breaks:
Carbs- monosaccharides.
Fats-glycerol and FAs.
Proteins-amino acids
Define Anabolism
The building of larger molecules from smaller ones. Or the building of complex molecules from simple materials.
Simple nutrients (AAs/fats/glucose) are used to build basic chemicals that support cellular functions and sustain life.
Dehydration synthesis causes monosaccharides to link to form chain producing molecules of Glycogen.
Dehydration synthesis links Glycerol and FA molecules in adipose cells to form fat molecules (triglycerides).
Cells use dehydration synthesis to join amino acid molecules forming protein molecules.
What are the 3 primary stages in processing nutrients to release energy
Digestion in GI tract. Absorbed nutrients are transported to tissue cells by blood.
In tissue cells nutrients are built into Glycogen/lipids/proteins or broken down into Pyruvic/Lactic acid and Acetyl CoA enzyme in cell cytoplasm.
In mitochondria catabolic activity requires o2. It finalises food breakdown and produces co2 and h2o and large amounts of ATP. Carbs like glucose combine with o2 to produce a large amount of ATP.
What are the two main metabolic reactions called that control the use of energy by cells
Anabolism
Catabolism
What is oxidation
The gain of o2 and loss of hydrogen
How is oxidisation defined
When a substances loses electrons and energy
How is reduction defined
Substances gain electrons and energy
What happens during redox reactions
One substance gains o2 or loses hydrogen causing another substance to gain electrons
How is homeostasis maintained
Chemical reactions are stored and used
What happens in the cells during Oxidation and what process does it achieve
Glucose burns in cells to release energy that fuels process of anabolism
What else happens during oxidation in cells
Enzymes reduce amount of activation energy required as part of cellular respiration
What happens when the bonds between atoms of molecules are broken
Chemical energy is released
What does the process of cellular respiration require
Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
