Extra Flashcards
What are the main differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Eukaryote:
* Nucleus
* Membrane bound organelles
* Bigger
* Mitosis
* Linear DNA
Prokaryote:
* Nucleoid
* No membrane bound organelles
* Smaller
* Binary fission
* Circular DNA
What is the cell envelope made of?
Cell membrane, cell wall, outer membrane, periplasmic space
and if present a glycocalyx
80s ribosomes
Eukaryotic
70s ribosomes
Prokaryotic
What is the first step of Endospore staining
- Primary staining:
Reagent: Malachite green (with heat)
Description: Color
Vegetative cell: the malachite green stain colors the entire cell, including the vegetative part, because heat helps the stain penetrate.
Endospore: Green – Heat allows malachite green to penetrate the tough spore coat, coloring the endospore green as well.
What is the second step of Endospore staining
- Decolorization:
Reagent: Water
Description:
Vegetative cell: Colorless – Water washes away the malachite green from the vegetative cell, which does not retain the dye.
Endospore: Green – The endospore retains the malachite green because its tough spore coat prevents the stain from being washed away by water.
What is the third step of Endospore staining
- Counterstaining:
Reagent: Safranin
Description:
Vegetative cell: Pink – The safranin counterstain colors the vegetative cell pink after decolorization.
Endospore: Green – The endospore remains green because it does not take up the safranin due to its resistant spore coat.
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Folliculitis
Causative: Staphylococcus aureus
Agent type: Bacterium (B)
Transmission: direct contact with contaminated surfaces or skin, including touching infected areas or sharing personal items
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Necrotizing Fasciitis
Causative: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Strep)
Agent type: Bacterium (B)
Transmission: direct contact with broken skin, such as cuts, wounds, or surgical incisions, allowing the bacteria to enter the body.
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Acne
Causative: Cutibacterium acnes
Agent type: Bacterium (B)
Transmission: endogenous, meaning it is part of the normal skin flora & not typically spread from person to person. Develops when the bacteria already present on skin overgrow within clogged hair follicles.
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Pseudomonas infections
Causative: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Agent type: Bacterium (B)
Transmission: direct contact with contaminated surfaces, water, or medical equipment; burns, wounded skin, inhalation
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Gas Gangrene
Causative: Clostridium perfringens
Agent type: Bacterium (B)
Transmission: contamination of wounds with the bacteria, often from soil, feces, or decaying tissue, trauma or deep tissue injury (gunshot, broken bones through the skin, etc.)
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Warts
Causative: Human papillomaviruses (HPV)
Agent type: Virus (V)
Transmission: direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected person, as well as from surfaces contaminated with the virus.
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Chicken Pox/Shingles
Causative: Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Agent type: Virus (V)
Transmission: airborne transmission via respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread through direct contact with the fluid from chickenpox blisters.
What is the causative agent, agent type, and mode of transmission for Rubella
Causative: Rubivirus (Rubella Virus)
Agent type: Virus (V)
Transmission: airborne transmission via respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can also spread through direct contact with nasal or throat secretions of an infected person.
