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Nutrition > export_ruminant nutrition > Flashcards

export_ruminant nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

4 Stomach compartments of a ruminant?

A

reticulum; rumen; omasum; abomasum

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2
Q

Primary site of microbial digestion?

A

rumen

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3
Q

Purpose of honeycomb structure in reticulum?

A

acts as sieve and prohibits larger particles from moving further down the digestive tract

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4
Q

Primary organ of rumination?

A

reticulum

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5
Q

Purpose of Rumination (3)

A

ingest feed rapidly and chew later; reduce particle size so microbes can better utilize forage; increase saliva production

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6
Q

Saliva is rich in:

A

sodium, phosphate, and bicarbonate

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7
Q

Major source of buffering by neutralizing the acids produced during fermentation?

A

Bicarbonate

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8
Q

Main function of ruminal papillae?

A

absorb VFAs

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9
Q

Acts as a pump to transfer digesta from reticulum to abomasum?

A

omasum

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10
Q

Absorbs water, VFAs, and bicarbonate

A

Omasum

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11
Q

“true stomach”

A

absomasum

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12
Q

Stomach wall secretes enzymes (HCl, pepsinogen, zymogen prorennin) in which compartment?

A

abomasum

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13
Q

Order of substance in rumen top to bottom?

A

gas (CO2, CH4); fiber mat; fluid fraction

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14
Q

Fluid Fraction Components:

A

bacteria, protozoan, fungi

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15
Q

pH of fiber digesters?

A

6.2-6.8

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16
Q

Which rumen digesters respond slowly to change?

A

fiber digesters

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17
Q

Starch digesters like pH of what?

A

5.2-6

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18
Q

Which ruminal digesters respond quickly to change?

A

starch

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19
Q

Ruminal microbes from most abundant to least?

A

Bacteria, protozoa, fungi

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20
Q

What happens to rumen protozoa if pH is below 5.5?

A

population is wiped out but does not change performance of animal

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21
Q

T or F: Rumen fungi decrease in numbers in cattle on high fiber diets.

A

False; increase

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22
Q

T or F: Rumen fungi are anaerobic.

A

True

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23
Q

Non-structural Carbohydrate Components?

A

simple sugars; starches; fructans; organic acids

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24
Q

Structural Carbohydrates

A

cellulose; hemicellulose; pectin; lignin

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25
Q

Difference in bonding between non-structural and structural carbohydrates?

A 
non-structural = alpha
structural = beta
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26
Q

Starch (ruminant) molecules are digested by:

A

microbial or mammalian enzymes

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27
Q

Cellulose (ruminant) molecules are digested by:

A

microbial cell secretion of microbial enzymes

28
Q

VFA importance to animal

A

energy for growth, repro, lactation

29
Q

VFA importance for microbes

A

cell growth and division

30
Q

VFAs come from?

A

microbial enzymes attacking carbs to give simple sugars and then VFAs

31
Q

Product of microbial fermentation

A

VFAs

32
Q

Major site of absorption of VFAs

A

rumen wall

33
Q

Majority of ruminant energy comes from:

A

VFAs

34
Q

3 Main VFAs

A

acetic acid, proprionic acid, butyric acid

35
Q

Major VFA

A

acetic acid

36
Q

Main precursor for lipogenesis

A

acetic acid

37
Q

VFA oxidized throughout most of the body to generate ATP

A

Acetic acid

38
Q

VFA essential for milk fat?

A

Acetic Acid

39
Q

Major product of fiber digesting bacteria?

A

acetic acid

40
Q

VFA produced by starch fermenters

A

proprionic acid

41
Q

VFA that provides energy by being converted to glucose in the liver?

A

Proprionic Acid

42
Q

VFA converted to ketones during absorption through the rumen epithelium and is oxidized in many tissues for energy production

A

Butyric Acid

43
Q

VFA that provides energy to rumen wall

A

Butryic Acid

44
Q

Crude protein

A

a measure of the total amount of nitrogenous compounds in a feedstuff

45
Q

Undegradable Intake Protein

A

fraction of total protein that escapes rumen degradation; arrives at small intestine

46
Q

Portion of feed protein that arrives at small intestine and escapes rumen degradation?

A

undegradable intake protein

47
Q

Fraction of total protein that is degraded or broken down in rumen?

A

Degradable intake protein

48
Q

2 fates of ruminal protein?

A

go to small intestine and be used by rumen; stay in rumen and be used by microbes

49
Q

Microbial use of protein?

A

protein synthesis; fermentation

50
Q

Important source of N

A

free ammonia

51
Q

What helps to maintain a fairly constant protein quality supply to lower digestive tract?

A

nitrogen recyclin

52
Q

T or F: Forages with a TDN:CP ratio of >7 do not require and protein supplementation.

A

False

53
Q

Importance of low TDN:CP ratio?

A

results in better digestibility and higher intakes of forages

54
Q

Associative Effects

A

difference between response to a combo of feedstuffs and the sum of the responses to the individual feedstuffs (difference between observed and predicted)

55
Q

Reason for a positive associative effect?

A

additional feedstuff may provide protein which increases intakes and utilization of lower quality forages (more protein to microbes = more efficient digestion)

56
Q

Decreasing pH will cause a negative associative effect because:

A

decrease pH limits growth of digesting bacteria

57
Q

End product inhibition

A

increase of sugars may inhibit activity or synthesis of enzymes involved in fiber degradation

58
Q

Competition for nutrients - negative effect

A

starch or sugar fermenters may out compete fiber digesters for nutrients

59
Q

Lipids

A

triglycerides; glycolipids and phospholipids

60
Q

Triglycerides are metabolized into:

A

glycerol and FAs

61
Q

Glycolipids are metabolized to:

A

galactose and FAs

62
Q

Phospholipids are metabolized to:

A

glycerol and FAs

63
Q

Glycerol and galactose are fermented by microbes resulting in:

A

VFAs

64
Q

What happens to ruminants in the case of excess dietary fat?

A

depress fiber digestion

65
Q

Where is the majority of SA in adult ruminant located?

A

rumen

66
Q

Where is the majority of SA in calf?

A

true stomach (abomasum)

67
Q

Why do ruminants do well on forage diet?

A

can break down beta chemical bonds

Nutrition (13 decks)

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