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Nutrition > export_nutrition test 3 > Flashcards

export_nutrition test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Dry forage that has lost all carotenoid from oxidation and UV light exposure
Caged birds given grain only

A

Circumstances causing vitamin A deficiency

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2
Q

Night blindness
Atrophy of epithelial cells

Secretory cells are replaced by stratified keratinized squamos epithelium

Disrupted bone growth and development

A

Signs of Vitamin A deficiency

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3
Q

Vitamin A

A

Which vitamin is one of the most potentially toxic nutrients?

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4
Q

Pruritis, hair loss, bone and muscle pain, ataxia, embryo and fetal malformations

A

Vitamin A toxicity signs

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5
Q

Vitamin E

A

Organic compounds w/ biological activity and structure similar to that of d-a-tocopherol

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6
Q

d-a-tocopherol

A

Which form of vitamin E is most active?

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7
Q

8

A

How many forms of vitamin E are there in nature?

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8
Q

Vegetables and seed oils-good

Animal products-bad

A

Sources of Vitamin E

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9
Q
  1. Antioxidant

2. Prevents lipid peroxidation

A

Functions of Vitamin E

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10
Q

Vitamin E protects fatty acids in the cell membrane from oxidative damage

A

How are vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids related?

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11
Q

E

A

Least potentially toxic vitamin of fat soluble vitamins

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12
Q

INterferes w/ coagulation by antagonizing vitamin K

A

What happens if there is too much vitamin E?

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13
Q

Se and Vitamin E

A

Which substances work together to inhibit lipid peroxidation damage?

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14
Q

Se

A

One of the most potentially toxic nutrients

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15
Q

When soils are high in Se

High Se forage and graiin

A

WHen can Se toxicity occur?

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16
Q

Dullness, inactivity, emaciation, rough hair coat, hair loss

Sloughing of hooves and erosion of long bone joints in horses and cattle

A

WHat are signs of Se toxicity?

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17
Q

Testicular degeneration and fetal resorption in rats, Muscular dystrophy in rabbits, encephalomalacia in chicks, steatitis in cats

A

What are Vitamin E deficiency symptoms not responding to Se supplementation?

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18
Q

Nutritional muscular dystrophy “white muscle disease,” liver edema and necrosis in pigs, severe subQ edema and pancreatic dystrophy in chickens

A

Deficiency symptoms that respons to either Se or Vitamin E

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19
Q

K1-green plant
K2-bacteria

K3-synthetic

A

Where do vitamin K1 or phylloquinones come from vs vitamin K2 or menaquinones come from? and K3 or menadione

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20
Q

Green leafy plants
Liver, egg, and some fish meals

Intestinal bacteria can variably supply vitamin K needs

A

Sources of vitamin K

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21
Q

Co-factor in formation of y-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) residues proteinases
GLA residues serve as Ca-binding sites needed for proteinase activation

Coagulation proteins synthesized and stored in the liver

A

Functions of vitamin K

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22
Q

Total body pool is replaced rapidly, hours to days.

Contrast w/ weeks to months of the other fat soluble vitamins

A

What is different about vitamin K absorption and metabolism compared to other fat soluble vitamins?

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23
Q

Warfarin, Dicumarol, high fish diets for cats, prolonged antibiotic therapy, long term total parenteral nutrition, poultry are susceptible due to short GI tract and fed antimicrobials

A

Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by?

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24
Q

Dicumarol is produced in spoiled sweet clover hay that cattle ingest and they die from massive hemorrhage

A

What is hemorrhagic sweet clover disease?

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25
Q

Uncontrolled hemorrhage both resulting from minor wounds and internal bleeding into the gut and body cavity

A

Signs of vitamin K deficiency

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26
Q

Vitamin B3
Nicotinic acid

Nicotinamide

A

Other names for niacin

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27
Q

Used in formation of coenzymes

A

F (niacin)

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28
Q

Plants and other sources of some cereals, legumes, and yeast
Largely in bran of cereals

Tryptophan

A

Sources of niacin

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29
Q

Negligible

A

Conversion of tryptophan niacin is ______ in cats

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30
Q

Poor diet and conditions affecting tryptophan-niacin conversion

A

Why would an animal become niacin deficient?

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31
Q

Dermatitis (pellagra)
Diarrhea

Dementia

A

Signs of niacin deficiency

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32
Q

Loading test results- nicotinamide amount recovered in urine after an oral load of nicotinamide indicates deficiency

A

How can a niacin deficiency be diagnosed?

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33
Q

Formation of flavocoenzymes (FAD and FMN) which are used for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and AA, intracellular respiratory system of all cells, reductive biosynthesis

A

F (riboflavin) or B2

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34
Q

Plants- green veggies, but not cereals.

Animals- milk, eggs, organ meats

A

Sources of riboflavin

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35
Q

UV light

A

What inactivates riboflavin?

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36
Q

When grain is main source of food

A

Causes of riboflavin deficiency

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37
Q

Reduced growth rate, stunting
Seborrheic dermatitis, hair loss

Stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization and eye pain, anemia, neuropathy

A

Signs of riboflavin deficiency

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38
Q

Enzyme stimulation test-

A

How can you diagnose riboflavin deficiency?

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39
Q

Cofactor for catabolism of carbs and AA metabolism for energy production
Nerve conduction function

A

F (thiamin/B1)

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40
Q

Meats, especially pork and organs, egg yolk

green portions of plants, whole cereal grains,

A

Thiamin sources

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41
Q

Thiamin is destroyed by high temperatures
Thiaminases destroy thiamin in raw fish, bracken fern, and horse tail

Coccidiostat, amprolium

Low dietary levels

A

Dietary factors that can cause thiamin deficiency

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42
Q

reduced FI, body weight loss, neurological changes

A

Thiamin deficiency signs in cats and dogs

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43
Q

Incoordination to the point of falling, bradycardia due to cardiac irregularity

A

Signs of thiamin deficiency in horses

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44
Q

Neurological changes

A

Signs of thiamin deficiency in cattle and sheep

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45
Q

Enzyme stimulation test- erythrocyte transketolase

A

How is thiamin deficiency diagnosed?

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46
Q

Green leafy veggies, lima beans, citrus fruits, meats

A

Sources of folate

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47
Q

Erythrocytes where it is left over from erythropoesis

A

Where does folate reside in the body?

48
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Large, hypochromic, erythrocytes, and deranged DNA synthesis in erthyropoietic cells making the cells large, arrested in cell cycle, phase G2

49
Q

Folic acid, vitamin B12, cobalt, and intrinsic factor

A

Which vitamins have a role in megaloblastic anemia?

50
Q

Microorganisms, animal sources

A

Sources of B12

51
Q

Cofactor of only 2 enzymes: Methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase

A

VItamin B12 function

52
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Produced by the gastric mucosa, pancreas, or salivary gland

Necessary for B12 absorption

53
Q

Lacking B12 in methionine synthase traps folate in an inactive, methylated state

A

How is B12 related to folate?

54
Q

Synthesized from glucose in most species

A

Where does vitamin C come from?

55
Q

Electron donor for enzymes- collagen formation lysine and proline hydroxylation
Nonenzymatic reductive functions

Intracellular and extracellular antioxidant protection Regenerates vitamin E

A

F (vitamin C)

56
Q

Fruits, vegetables,

Animal sources are poor

A

Sources of vitamin C

57
Q

C

A

Least stable of all vitamins

58
Q

Dogs and cats

A

Which species do not require dietary vitamin C?

59
Q

> 18% Crude fiber, or more than 35% cell wall

Low digestible energy content

A

What are forages and roughages?

60
Q

Hay, straw, stover

A

Examples of forage

61
Q

Stover

A

Aerial part of corn or sorghum w/o the ears, husks, or heads

62
Q

4.8

A

pH of silage

63
Q

AA are degraded and less desired fermentation products are formed such as butyric acid

A

Why don’t high protein forages make good silage?

64
Q

<20% CP, higher digestibility than roughages and forages

A

Energy concentrates

65
Q

> 20% CP,

A

Protein concentrates

66
Q

Less energy density digestibility

A

IN grains, what does small sized or pinched appearance indicate?

67
Q

Gossypol causes pulmonary edema
Lysine is limited in cottonsead meal

Can cause discoloration of eggs

A

Why is cottonseed meal bad for simple-stomached animals?

68
Q 
Increase digestibility (sometimes digestibility is reduced)
Increased intake

Reduced wastage

Bulk reduction

Facilitate packaging

A

Goals of feed processing

69
Q

Milling

A

Break roughage iinto smaller pieces
May reduce digestibility in ruminants

Dust is formed in this process which reduces palatability

70
Q

Chopping

A

1st stage in making silage
Has little change on digestibility

Reduces wastage and improves storage and handling efficiency

71
Q

Cubing

A

Permits longer lengths of chopped forage than pelleting
May improve digestibility

Reduces wastage

Increases cost

Makes it difficult to evaluate feed quality

72
Q

Pelleting

A

High compression in the extrusion
Suitability for this varies (alfalfa does well with it)

Size varies

Increases intake of lower quality forages

Small decrease in digestibility

Difficult to evaluate feed quality

Reduces protein solubility

Increases feed cost

73
Q

Dry rolling

A

Grain is sheared by passage b/t 2 rollers to produce cracked grain

74
Q

Steam rolling

A

Grain is heated in steam chest before rolling and then rolled flat to varying thickness
Fewer fines and dust than dry rolling

Starch is gelatinized, improving digestibility

75
Q

Fast growing, short suckling time species

A

Which species have high protein milk?

76
Q

Arginine, methionine, and cysteine

A

Which AAs are higher in cat milk than cow’s milk?

77
Q

Rabbit, then dog and cat

A

Which species has the highest protein milk?

78
Q

Dog then cat

A

WHich species have the higest fat in the milk?

79
Q

Cat then cow

A

WHich species have the highest lactose in the milk?

80
Q

Yes

A

Does mature milk have immunoglobulins?

81
Q

Colostrum- IgG

Mature milk- IgA

A

Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in colostrum vs. mature milk?

82
Q

Calves, lambs, and horses

A

WHich species is placental transfer of immunoglobulins poor in?

83
Q

Lambs-twins or triplets=not enough
Dairy= unavailable

Foals=Failure to suckle or pre mature lactation of the mare

A

Why would colostrum not be available?

84
Q

Milk comp of the species

A

Are milk replacers designed specifically for the neonate or based on the milk composition of the species?

85
Q

Milk proteins such as whey and casein because they are well digested

A

Which proteins should be used in milk replacers?

86
Q

Cheaper

Not as easily digested

A

Why would you use vegetable proteins in milk replacer? WHy wouldn’t you?

87
Q

^ GI transit time
Causes intestinal villous atrophy

Presents potential allergens and toxins

A

What does poorly digested protein cause in the neonate?

88
Q

Those from milk (lactose, glucose, and galactose)

Vegetable ones are poorly utilized

A

Which carbs are best in the milk replacer?

89
Q

Animal and vegetable are used successfully
Fat tolerance depends on homogenization

Large particles are not well digested

A

What kind of fat is in milk replacer?

90
Q

Mare has less fat and more lactose

A

How does mare’s milk compare to cow milk?

91
Q

Lamb milk higher in fat

A

How does sheep milk compare to cow milk?

92
Q

Overfeeding which causes GI upset

A

If a neonate has diarrhea, what could be the cause?

93
Q

Dilute w/ water so that water intake is maintained

A

What should be done to the milk if overfeeding is causing a problem?

94
Q

Minimize labor and cost

A

Why should you minimize the length of milk feeding?

95
Q

For weak neonates and early post-partum
Diarrhea or other signs of GI upset

To increase growth rate for early weaning

A

When would you increase milk feeding frequency and decrease volume per feeding?

96
Q

Encourages water and dry diet consumption

A

What does gradually reducing milk intake do?

97
Q

Body weight not age

A

What should time of weaning be based on?

98
Q

2-2.5%

A

How much of their body weight do horses consume?

99
Q

Fundus and pylorus

A

2 regions of the horse stomach

100
Q

DE

A

What is horse energy expressed as?

101
Q

Forage=>50%

Grains < 20%

A

What percent of a horse’s diet should be forage/grains/fat?

102
Q

Maintenance- 8-9%

Lactation - 14-15%

A

How much CP is required for maintenance vs lactation?

103
Q

Mature: 1.1:1 to 6:1

Growing 1.1:1 to 3:1

A

What should the Ca/P ratio be for mature vs growing horses?

104
Q

Hyperkalemic periodic paresis

A

May benefit from lower potassium

105
Q

Toxicity: Skin/hoof abnormalities
Deficiency: WHite muscle disease

A

What can selenium toxicity and deficiency cause?

106
Q

Fresh forage/immature hay

A

What feedstuff is high in vitamin E for horses?

107
Q

Along the neck and withers, crease or inverted crease down back, tailhead, point of buttocks, twist, point of hip, ribs, behind the point of shoulder, and the fat pad behind the slope of the shoulder

A

Where do you check BCS on a horse?

108
Q

1.5% BW

A

What is the minimum hay for a horse that is in maintenance?

109
Q

Off season- 10% more than adult for maintenance

Bredding- maintenance plus 20%

A

How should studs be handled in the off season and in breeding season?

110
Q

First four months-maintenance

By month 11 protein and energy should be increased about 30% and Ca/P should be increased 80%

A

How should pregnant mares be fed?

111
Q

2x energy of maintenance
2.5x protein

2.5x Ca and P

3% BW hay

A

Nutrient requirements during lactation

112
Q

1 lb per month of age starting at 2-3 weeks of age

A

How much should you creep feed foals?

113
Q

CP >14%
0.8% Ca

0.5% P

50 ppm Cu

A

What should the CP, Ca, P and CU be in a foal’s creep feed?

114
Q

1/2 lb concentrate mix/month of age (7-9 lb maximum)

A

How much concentrate should you feed weanling horses?

115
Q

Rapid growth, trauma to growth plate, genetic predispositions, nutritional imbalances

A

What can cause developmental orthopedic disease?

Nutrition (13 decks)

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