export_nutrition test 3 Flashcards
Dry forage that has lost all carotenoid from oxidation and UV light exposure
Caged birds given grain only
Circumstances causing vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Atrophy of epithelial cells
Secretory cells are replaced by stratified keratinized squamos epithelium
Disrupted bone growth and development
Signs of Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A
Which vitamin is one of the most potentially toxic nutrients?
Pruritis, hair loss, bone and muscle pain, ataxia, embryo and fetal malformations
Vitamin A toxicity signs
Vitamin E
Organic compounds w/ biological activity and structure similar to that of d-a-tocopherol
d-a-tocopherol
Which form of vitamin E is most active?
8
How many forms of vitamin E are there in nature?
Vegetables and seed oils-good
Animal products-bad
Sources of Vitamin E
- Antioxidant
2. Prevents lipid peroxidation
Functions of Vitamin E
Vitamin E protects fatty acids in the cell membrane from oxidative damage
How are vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids related?
E
Least potentially toxic vitamin of fat soluble vitamins
INterferes w/ coagulation by antagonizing vitamin K
What happens if there is too much vitamin E?
Se and Vitamin E
Which substances work together to inhibit lipid peroxidation damage?
Se
One of the most potentially toxic nutrients
When soils are high in Se
High Se forage and graiin
WHen can Se toxicity occur?
Dullness, inactivity, emaciation, rough hair coat, hair loss
Sloughing of hooves and erosion of long bone joints in horses and cattle
WHat are signs of Se toxicity?
Testicular degeneration and fetal resorption in rats, Muscular dystrophy in rabbits, encephalomalacia in chicks, steatitis in cats
What are Vitamin E deficiency symptoms not responding to Se supplementation?
Nutritional muscular dystrophy “white muscle disease,” liver edema and necrosis in pigs, severe subQ edema and pancreatic dystrophy in chickens
Deficiency symptoms that respons to either Se or Vitamin E
K1-green plant
K2-bacteria
K3-synthetic
Where do vitamin K1 or phylloquinones come from vs vitamin K2 or menaquinones come from? and K3 or menadione
Green leafy plants
Liver, egg, and some fish meals
Intestinal bacteria can variably supply vitamin K needs
Sources of vitamin K
Co-factor in formation of y-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) residues proteinases
GLA residues serve as Ca-binding sites needed for proteinase activation
Coagulation proteins synthesized and stored in the liver
Functions of vitamin K
Total body pool is replaced rapidly, hours to days.
Contrast w/ weeks to months of the other fat soluble vitamins
What is different about vitamin K absorption and metabolism compared to other fat soluble vitamins?
Warfarin, Dicumarol, high fish diets for cats, prolonged antibiotic therapy, long term total parenteral nutrition, poultry are susceptible due to short GI tract and fed antimicrobials
Vitamin K deficiency can be caused by?
Dicumarol is produced in spoiled sweet clover hay that cattle ingest and they die from massive hemorrhage
What is hemorrhagic sweet clover disease?
Uncontrolled hemorrhage both resulting from minor wounds and internal bleeding into the gut and body cavity
Signs of vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin B3
Nicotinic acid
Nicotinamide
Other names for niacin
Used in formation of coenzymes
F (niacin)
Plants and other sources of some cereals, legumes, and yeast
Largely in bran of cereals
Tryptophan
Sources of niacin
Negligible
Conversion of tryptophan niacin is ______ in cats
Poor diet and conditions affecting tryptophan-niacin conversion
Why would an animal become niacin deficient?
Dermatitis (pellagra)
Diarrhea
Dementia
Signs of niacin deficiency
Loading test results- nicotinamide amount recovered in urine after an oral load of nicotinamide indicates deficiency
How can a niacin deficiency be diagnosed?
Formation of flavocoenzymes (FAD and FMN) which are used for catabolism of glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies, and AA, intracellular respiratory system of all cells, reductive biosynthesis
F (riboflavin) or B2
Plants- green veggies, but not cereals.
Animals- milk, eggs, organ meats
Sources of riboflavin
UV light
What inactivates riboflavin?
When grain is main source of food
Causes of riboflavin deficiency
Reduced growth rate, stunting
Seborrheic dermatitis, hair loss
Stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis, corneal vascularization and eye pain, anemia, neuropathy
Signs of riboflavin deficiency
Enzyme stimulation test-
How can you diagnose riboflavin deficiency?
Cofactor for catabolism of carbs and AA metabolism for energy production
Nerve conduction function
F (thiamin/B1)
Meats, especially pork and organs, egg yolk
green portions of plants, whole cereal grains,
Thiamin sources
Thiamin is destroyed by high temperatures
Thiaminases destroy thiamin in raw fish, bracken fern, and horse tail
Coccidiostat, amprolium
Low dietary levels
Dietary factors that can cause thiamin deficiency
reduced FI, body weight loss, neurological changes
Thiamin deficiency signs in cats and dogs
Incoordination to the point of falling, bradycardia due to cardiac irregularity
Signs of thiamin deficiency in horses
Neurological changes
Signs of thiamin deficiency in cattle and sheep
Enzyme stimulation test- erythrocyte transketolase
How is thiamin deficiency diagnosed?
Green leafy veggies, lima beans, citrus fruits, meats
Sources of folate
Erythrocytes where it is left over from erythropoesis
Where does folate reside in the body?
Megaloblastic anemia
Large, hypochromic, erythrocytes, and deranged DNA synthesis in erthyropoietic cells making the cells large, arrested in cell cycle, phase G2
Folic acid, vitamin B12, cobalt, and intrinsic factor
Which vitamins have a role in megaloblastic anemia?
Microorganisms, animal sources
Sources of B12
Cofactor of only 2 enzymes: Methionine synthase and methylmalonyl CoA mutase
VItamin B12 function
Intrinsic factor
Produced by the gastric mucosa, pancreas, or salivary gland
Necessary for B12 absorption
Lacking B12 in methionine synthase traps folate in an inactive, methylated state
How is B12 related to folate?
Synthesized from glucose in most species
Where does vitamin C come from?
Electron donor for enzymes- collagen formation lysine and proline hydroxylation
Nonenzymatic reductive functions
Intracellular and extracellular antioxidant protection Regenerates vitamin E
F (vitamin C)
Fruits, vegetables,
Animal sources are poor
Sources of vitamin C
C
Least stable of all vitamins
Dogs and cats
Which species do not require dietary vitamin C?
> 18% Crude fiber, or more than 35% cell wall
Low digestible energy content
What are forages and roughages?
Hay, straw, stover
Examples of forage
Stover
Aerial part of corn or sorghum w/o the ears, husks, or heads
4.8
pH of silage
AA are degraded and less desired fermentation products are formed such as butyric acid
Why don’t high protein forages make good silage?
<20% CP, higher digestibility than roughages and forages
Energy concentrates
> 20% CP,
Protein concentrates
Less energy density digestibility
IN grains, what does small sized or pinched appearance indicate?
Gossypol causes pulmonary edema
Lysine is limited in cottonsead meal
Can cause discoloration of eggs
Why is cottonseed meal bad for simple-stomached animals?
Increase digestibility (sometimes digestibility is reduced) Increased intake
Reduced wastage
Bulk reduction
Facilitate packaging
Goals of feed processing
Milling
Break roughage iinto smaller pieces
May reduce digestibility in ruminants
Dust is formed in this process which reduces palatability
Chopping
1st stage in making silage
Has little change on digestibility
Reduces wastage and improves storage and handling efficiency
Cubing
Permits longer lengths of chopped forage than pelleting
May improve digestibility
Reduces wastage
Increases cost
Makes it difficult to evaluate feed quality
Pelleting
High compression in the extrusion
Suitability for this varies (alfalfa does well with it)
Size varies
Increases intake of lower quality forages
Small decrease in digestibility
Difficult to evaluate feed quality
Reduces protein solubility
Increases feed cost
Dry rolling
Grain is sheared by passage b/t 2 rollers to produce cracked grain
Steam rolling
Grain is heated in steam chest before rolling and then rolled flat to varying thickness
Fewer fines and dust than dry rolling
Starch is gelatinized, improving digestibility
Fast growing, short suckling time species
Which species have high protein milk?
Arginine, methionine, and cysteine
Which AAs are higher in cat milk than cow’s milk?
Rabbit, then dog and cat
Which species has the highest protein milk?
Dog then cat
WHich species have the higest fat in the milk?
Cat then cow
WHich species have the highest lactose in the milk?
Yes
Does mature milk have immunoglobulins?
Colostrum- IgG
Mature milk- IgA
Which immunoglobulin is most abundant in colostrum vs. mature milk?
Calves, lambs, and horses
WHich species is placental transfer of immunoglobulins poor in?
Lambs-twins or triplets=not enough
Dairy= unavailable
Foals=Failure to suckle or pre mature lactation of the mare
Why would colostrum not be available?
Milk comp of the species
Are milk replacers designed specifically for the neonate or based on the milk composition of the species?
Milk proteins such as whey and casein because they are well digested
Which proteins should be used in milk replacers?
Cheaper
Not as easily digested
Why would you use vegetable proteins in milk replacer? WHy wouldn’t you?
^ GI transit time
Causes intestinal villous atrophy
Presents potential allergens and toxins
What does poorly digested protein cause in the neonate?
Those from milk (lactose, glucose, and galactose)
Vegetable ones are poorly utilized
Which carbs are best in the milk replacer?
Animal and vegetable are used successfully
Fat tolerance depends on homogenization
Large particles are not well digested
What kind of fat is in milk replacer?
Mare has less fat and more lactose
How does mare’s milk compare to cow milk?
Lamb milk higher in fat
How does sheep milk compare to cow milk?
Overfeeding which causes GI upset
If a neonate has diarrhea, what could be the cause?
Dilute w/ water so that water intake is maintained
What should be done to the milk if overfeeding is causing a problem?
Minimize labor and cost
Why should you minimize the length of milk feeding?
For weak neonates and early post-partum
Diarrhea or other signs of GI upset
To increase growth rate for early weaning
When would you increase milk feeding frequency and decrease volume per feeding?
Encourages water and dry diet consumption
What does gradually reducing milk intake do?
Body weight not age
What should time of weaning be based on?
2-2.5%
How much of their body weight do horses consume?
Fundus and pylorus
2 regions of the horse stomach
DE
What is horse energy expressed as?
Forage=>50%
Grains < 20%
What percent of a horse’s diet should be forage/grains/fat?
Maintenance- 8-9%
Lactation - 14-15%
How much CP is required for maintenance vs lactation?
Mature: 1.1:1 to 6:1
Growing 1.1:1 to 3:1
What should the Ca/P ratio be for mature vs growing horses?
Hyperkalemic periodic paresis
May benefit from lower potassium
Toxicity: Skin/hoof abnormalities
Deficiency: WHite muscle disease
What can selenium toxicity and deficiency cause?
Fresh forage/immature hay
What feedstuff is high in vitamin E for horses?
Along the neck and withers, crease or inverted crease down back, tailhead, point of buttocks, twist, point of hip, ribs, behind the point of shoulder, and the fat pad behind the slope of the shoulder
Where do you check BCS on a horse?
1.5% BW
What is the minimum hay for a horse that is in maintenance?
Off season- 10% more than adult for maintenance
Bredding- maintenance plus 20%
How should studs be handled in the off season and in breeding season?
First four months-maintenance
By month 11 protein and energy should be increased about 30% and Ca/P should be increased 80%
How should pregnant mares be fed?
2x energy of maintenance
2.5x protein
2.5x Ca and P
3% BW hay
Nutrient requirements during lactation
1 lb per month of age starting at 2-3 weeks of age
How much should you creep feed foals?
CP >14%
0.8% Ca
0.5% P
50 ppm Cu
What should the CP, Ca, P and CU be in a foal’s creep feed?
1/2 lb concentrate mix/month of age (7-9 lb maximum)
How much concentrate should you feed weanling horses?
Rapid growth, trauma to growth plate, genetic predispositions, nutritional imbalances
What can cause developmental orthopedic disease?
