export_feeds and processing Flashcards
Products with more than 18% crude fiber are considered?
dry forages and roughages
cutting above-ground vegetative portion of plants and subsequent curing (drying in field); baled or cubed
hay
residue of a grain crop after removal of the grain; low nutritive value
straw
aerial part of corn or sorghum without the ears, husks, or heads
stover
All forages not cut, or cut and fed fresh are considered:
pasture, range plants; includes feeds cured on the stem
Made by cutting and chopping immature forage followed by storage in an enclosed space that excludes air
silage
Predominate organic acid formed by bacterial fermentation of sugars for silage?
lactic acid
How is silage preserved?
lactic acid preserves silage by lower pH (about 4.6)
T or F: High protein forages, such as alfalfa, will make good silages.
False; the AA are degraded and less desired fermentation products formed (such as butyric acid)
Energy feeds are also called:
energy concentrates
Products less that 18% crude fiber and less than 20% CP with higher digestibility
energy concentrates
grains and grain by-products are examples of:
energy concentrates
T or F: When ensiled, energy feeds are still considered energy feeds.
True
Products containing 20% or more protein
protein concentrates
T or F: Plant and animal origin protein supplements include ensiled products.
True
Oil-seed meals, corn gluten, SBP are examples of:
protein concentrates
Roughage quality affected by:
weed contamination, maturity, cure,
Problems with weed contamination?
reduce nutritive value, contain toxic substances, cause mechanical injury
Effect of maturity on roughage quality?
nutritive value decreases with maturity; stem size, leaf:stem, flowers
Bad odor on cured hays is due to:
mold growth
T or F: Leafiness is generally correlated with nutritive value.
True
T or F: Solar exposure to hay can cause bleaching which will increase nutritive value.
False - bleaching is bad
Small size or pinched appearance of grain indicates
less energy density digestibility
Mold growth can occur when grains are harvested at too (high, low) of moisture content.
high
Insect contamination of grain can cause:
moisture that promotes mold growth
Cotton seed meal cannot be used in what type of animals?
simple-stomach animals
Gossypol is found in
cotton seed meal
Problem with cotton seed meal
gossypol is not degraded by alimentary microflora and can cause pulmonary edema
First limiting AA found in CSM
lysine is limited
Cyclopropenoid is found in
CSM
Causes discoloration of eggs
cyclopropenoid of CSM
T or F: Prepared mixed ration products are difficult to evaluate nutritional quality by visual inspection.
True
Crude indicators of quality on prepared food labels
proximate/guaranteed analyses; ingredient list
Common feed processing objectives:
increased digestibility, increased intake, reduced wastage, bulk reduction, facilitate packaging
Hammer mill used to break roughage into smaller pieces
milling
Pro of milling
optimal distribution in particle size is targeted to increase forage intake and digestibility
cons of milling
may reduce digestibility in ruminants, dust
Counter dust formation in product by adding
molasses
First stage in making silage and involves a cutting action of a knife against a sheer plate
chopping
Advantage of chopping
little change in digestibility; reduces wastage and improves storage and handling efficiency
Advantage of cubing over pellets?
cubing permits longer lengths of chopped forage in product; may improve digestibility
Advantages of cubing
little negative impace on digestibility and food intake, reduces wastage
Disadvantages of cubing
increases cost, difficult to evaluate feed quality
Cubing is formed from (chopped, milled) forage
chopped
Pelleting is formed from (chopped, milled) forage
milled
T or F: Alfalfa forms stable cubed and pellets while cereal crop forages require addition of a binder and grain to form stable pellets.
True
Advantages of pellets
increases intake, especially of lower quality forages
Disadvantages of pelleting
small decrease in digestibility, difficult to evaluate feed quality, reduces protein solubility, increase cost
Grain is sheared by passage b/t two rollers to produce “cracked grain”
dry rolling
grain is heated in steam chest before rolling and then rolled flat to varying thickness
steam rolling
Advantages of steam rolling
fewer fines and dust than dry, starch is gelatinized (improving digestibility), as thinness increases so does digestion rate
Cool season grasses
fescue, orchard grass, timothy, brome
warm season grasses
blue stem, switchgrass, bermudagrass
