export_applied ruminant nutrition Flashcards
Macrominerals
Calcium, Phosphorus, Mg, K, Sulfur, Na, Cl
Microminerals
Manganese, Cu, Zn, Iron, Selenium, Cobalt, iodine
most important microminerals in ruminant nutrition?
copper, zinc, selenium
Best and worse sources of Calcium for ruminants?
Best: legumes
Worse: Grass and corn
Importance of PTH
stimulates osteoclasts, increases Ca absorption from gut reabsorption from kidney
anti-PTH
calcitonin
Ruminant Calcium importance?
skeletal growth, muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulses
Phosphorus importance in ruminants
skeletal growth, energy metabolism, production
T or F: Phosphorus is biologically active.
True
Phosphorus is high in:
concentrates (corn, grain, oats) and by-products
Environmental issues of Phosphorus
washed into rivers and lakes, increases algae production and consequences
Magnesium importance in ruminants
rumen cell fermentation, nerve conduction, skeletal growth
Inadequate levels of magnesium in ruminants can cause?
depressed fiber digestion (d/t poor rumen fermentation)
T or F: Diets high in K should also be increased in Mg due to potassium interference.
True
Lush, rapidly growing cereal grains are (high, low) in Mg.
low
Mg effect on PTH?
blunts PTH secretion when low
Imortance of K in ruminants?
maintains acid-base relationships, nerve impulses, co-factor in several enzyme systems
K is found high in:
crops fertilized with manure
K is found to be low in:
brewers and distillers grains (by-products)
Importance of sulfur for ruminants?
essential for synthesis of AAs by microbes and B vitamins thiamin and biotin
Which mineral is especially important when feeding NPN?
sulfur
Where is sulfur found in ruminant diet?
by-products and well-water
T or F: Ruminants are poor conservers of sodium and must be provided free choice and force fed.
False; ruminants conserve sodium well
Microminerals are important for ________ response in ruminants.
immune
Higher rainfall will result in (higher, lower) selenium.
lower
Which minerals interfere with copper?
sulfur, iron, molybdenum, zinc
Where do most B, C, and K vitamins come from for ruminants?
rumen microbes usually make most
B12 will be adequate if _____ is supplemented.
Cobalt
Importance of Vit B3 in ruminants?
enhances mobilization of fat
High producing cows may benefit from _____.
biotin
Sources of thiamin?
bracken fern, raw fish
Which vitamins are supplemented in ruminant rations?
A, D, E
Importance of Vitamin E to ruminants?
immune function, antioxidant, cell membranes
Vitamin E has interaction with ____ to maintain integrity of tissues.
selenium
How is Vitamin E important for immunity?
“killing” ability of PMNs
Enzyme responsible for preventing white muscle disease?
glutathione peroxidase enzyme
White muscle disease is directly related to a deficiency in:
Selenium and Vitamin E
Periparturient Hypocalcemia
milk fever
Symptoms of milk fever?
down, wobbly/staggering
Why are Jerseys more prone to milk fever?
put more Ca in colostrum/milk and fewer receptors for PTH
T or F: Giving Calcium can help prevent milk fever.
False; body begins to rely on GI tract for Ca
How can you help prevent milk fever?
decrease Ca, DCAD, anionic salts
Treatment of milk fever?
oral Ca, IV Ca
Effect of high K+ on Mg absorption?
Mg absorption is inhibited if K+ too high
Ruminant Ketosis symptoms
off feed, listless, sweet smell to breath
Type I ketosis
spontaneous underfeeding; good prognosis; supplement with energy (3-6 wks after calving)
Type II Ketosis:
fat cows fatty liver; poor prognosis; high glucose in blood b/c insulin resistant (1-2 wks after calving)
Butyric Acid Silage
ketosis caused by wet silages; feeding cows ketones, food from back of silo; good prognosis
Treatment for Type I Ketosis
IV dextrose
Treatment for Type II ketosis
oral glucose precursors
Prevention of ruminant ketosis?
NEFA, BHBA, DMI
Displaced Abomasum symptoms
off feed, ketosis, abdominal distention
Causes of DA
nutrition, prior health problems
Tx of DA
medical, roll and tack, surgery
Prevention of DA?
prevent predisposing illness, nutrition (energy, fiber)
