Experiments Flashcards
The Organizer
Donor dorsal blastopore transplanted, and caused induction of a secondary site of gastrulation, followed by a second neural, and eventually a second organism connected to the first.
E.B Wilson & Mollusks [example of what?]
Demonstrated autonomous specification by myoplasm redistribution, cells preprogrammed to a specific type
Hans Dreisch
Exhibited that while splitting an early cell mass, you could produce equal mollusks
Briggs and King/ Gurdon
Demonstrated Cloning by Nuclear Transfer, enucleate and activate one egg, add donor nucleus, and allow natural birth
Dolly the Sheep [results]
She was fertile, she died, 10% shorter telomeres
Other clones animals
Cumulina, Cattle, Cats, dogs, frozen animals,
LOS
Large Offspring Syndrome, placental and organ defects, often issues in epigenetics, methylation, histones etc.
What evidence do we have that ICM cells are pluripotent?
We have created monkey’s by embryo splitting (Tetra), and we have also created chimeric mice by embryo combination
iPS cells
Adult skin cells introduced to viruses that contain 4 important Yamanaka factors [genes] that induce pluripotency
Proof of Pluripotency
1) Teratomas, also can rescue tetraploid mouse cell embryos that cannot create ICM cells on their own- called tetraploid complementation.