EXPERIMENT 13 Flashcards
S. pyogenes causes a lot of infection mainly, the primary infection that it causes leads it to another infection (?)
poststreptococcal infections
S. pyogenes are prone to progression with involvement of (?).
deeper tissues and organs
Another cause of (?) (example: S. pyogenes)
necrotizing fasciitis or the flesh- eating bacteria
Streptococcal pyogenic infections produces (?)that may be released and produce scarlet fever.
exotoxins (SPEs)
Other complications that result from S. pyogenes infections are the poststreptococcal such as
rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis
: primary infection that is caused by S. Pygenes was already healed but then it will cause another disease/s.
poststreptococcal diseases
affects the system
rheumatic fever
causes kidney failure
glomerulonephritis
is an example of a pathogen that induces the production of several different antibodies.
s. pyogenes
In the course of an infection, the (?) acts as antigen to which the antibody responds by producing specific antibodies.
extracellular products
This coccus contains antigenic structural components and produces antigenic enzymes, each of which may elicit a specific antibody response from the infected host.
S. pyogenes
Most infected patients demonstrate increases concentration of antibody against.
SLO
The concentration of the antibody or titer begins to rises at about (?)after the onset of infection.
7 days
Peak:
4 to 6 weeks
- increase chance that we can determine the presence of
ASO
Increase concentration of
antibodies
An elevated titer indicates a
relatively recent infection
A rise in titer of (?) is of greater diagnostic significance than a single titer.
50 Todd units in 1 to 2 weeks
The Ab for ASO will begin its production (?), when you have been tested a patient 7 days after infection, you’re going to not the titer and after (?), test again the titer of the patient and ASO
7 days
2 weeks
if the titer doubled or (?), it is already considered as a diagnostic significant for Steptococcus infections.
50 Todd unit
Peak titers usually seen at (?), they are also seen at the time of acute polyarthritis of acute rhematic fever.
4-6 weeks
But this titers are no longer at their peak during the carditis? of(?).
acute rheumatic fever
The predisposing signs and symptoms of rheumatic fever, dito mo makikita yung (?) again ASO but if the patient has already developed full blown acute rheumatic fever, bababa na yung titer for ASO.
peak ng rise in titer
is very important.
Timing for testing ASO
major virulence factor
M PROTEIN
It is a filamentous molecule consisting of two alpha helical chains twisted into a ropelike structure that extends out from the cell surface.
M PROTEIN
Has a net negative charge at the amino terminal end that help to inhibit phagocytosis
M PROTEIN
is the one responsible for the inability of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes) to detect streptococcus pyogenes
M protein
Limits the deposition of C3 (complement component 3) on the bacterial surface thereby diminishing complement activation
M PROTEIN
It is known that the result of complement activation lysis
M PROTEIN
will prevent C3 from attaching to the cell surface of S. pyogenes thus preventing lysis
M PROTEIN
Immunity to (?) appears to be associated with antibodies to the M protein
group A streptococci
Some individuals have some antibodies against M protein, therefore they are considered immune against
group A streptococci or streptococcus pyogenes
They are proteins excreted by the bacterial cell as they metabolize during the course pf streptococcal infections
EXOANTIGENS/EXOTOXINS
Pyrogenic – fever inducing
Pyrogenic exotoxins A, B, and C
Responsible for the rash seen in scarlet fever and contribute to the pathogenesis of S. pyogenes
EXOANTIGENS/EXOTOXINS
The presence of (?) is the characteristic rash in scarlet fever
strawberry tongue
Antibodies are produced to the following exoantigens:
enzymes streptolysin O (another virulence factor of S. pyogenes), deoxyribonuclease B (DNase B), hyaluronidase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidase (NADase), and streptokinase.
The Rantz-Randall method is a stepwise method involving the use of a series of serum dilutions, and the ASO titer of serum is determined as the serum dilution that inhibits nearly 50% of SLO-induced hemolysis. Therefore, the method gives stepwise ASO titers for various sera.
RANTZ RANDALL METHOD
This is no longer performed
RANTZ RANDALL METHOD
Neutralization of exotoxins (ASO, anti-DNase, etc.)
ANTIBODY TESTING
If the patient produces antibodies against that enzyme it will give us the capability to test the antibodies that are produced against these enzymes.
ANTIBODY TESTING
Used to diagnose strep sequelae
ANTIBODY TESTING
Once S. pyogenes is healed, sometimes it spreads in different parts of the body causing another infection called (?).
“post streptococcal infection”
Thus for testing or the neutralization of exotoxins, what we test here is the post streptococcal consequences of the infection
ANTIBODY TESTING
We use this as a good initial cleaning tool
SLIDE AGGLUTINATION
